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📁 一份很好的linux入门资料
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<HTML><HEAD>  <TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;reden&nbsp;(鱼&nbsp;～&nbsp;君子律己以利人),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;Patch&nbsp;for&nbsp;Beginners&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Mon&nbsp;Oct&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;00:14:17&nbsp;1998)&nbsp;WWW-POST&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&quot;Linux&nbsp;Gazette...making&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;just&nbsp;a&nbsp;little&nbsp;more&nbsp;fun!&quot;&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Patch&nbsp;for&nbsp;Beginners
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By&nbsp;Larry&nbsp;Ayers
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;aim&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;article&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;introduce&nbsp;new&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;users&nbsp;to&nbsp;an&nbsp;invaluable&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>resource,&nbsp;Larry&nbsp;Wall's&nbsp;patch&nbsp;program.&nbsp;Patch&nbsp;is&nbsp;an
&nbsp;<BR>interface&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;diff&nbsp;utility,&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;find&nbsp;differences&nbsp;between&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>files;&nbsp;diff&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;multitude&nbsp;of&nbsp;options,&nbsp;but&nbsp;it's&nbsp;most&nbsp;often
&nbsp;<BR>used&nbsp;to&nbsp;generate&nbsp;a&nbsp;file&nbsp;which&nbsp;lists&nbsp;lines&nbsp;which&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;changed,&nbsp;showing&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>both&nbsp;the&nbsp;original&nbsp;and&nbsp;changed&nbsp;lines&nbsp;and&nbsp;ignoring&nbsp;lines
&nbsp;<BR>which&nbsp;have&nbsp;remained&nbsp;the&nbsp;same.&nbsp;Patch&nbsp;is&nbsp;typically&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;update&nbsp;a&nbsp;directory&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>of&nbsp;source&nbsp;code&nbsp;files&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;newer&nbsp;version,&nbsp;obviating&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>need&nbsp;to&nbsp;download&nbsp;an&nbsp;entire&nbsp;new&nbsp;source&nbsp;archive.&nbsp;Downloading&nbsp;a&nbsp;patch&nbsp;in&nbsp;effect&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>is&nbsp;just&nbsp;downloading&nbsp;the&nbsp;lines&nbsp;which&nbsp;have&nbsp;been
&nbsp;<BR>changed.&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>Patch&nbsp;originated&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;nascent,&nbsp;bandwidth-constrained&nbsp;internet&nbsp;environment&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>of&nbsp;a&nbsp;decade&nbsp;ago,&nbsp;but&nbsp;like&nbsp;many&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;tools&nbsp;of&nbsp;that&nbsp;era
&nbsp;<BR>it&nbsp;is&nbsp;still&nbsp;much-used&nbsp;today.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;February&nbsp;issue&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;programmer's&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>magazine&nbsp;Dr.&nbsp;Dobb's&nbsp;Journal&nbsp;Larry&nbsp;Wall&nbsp;had&nbsp;some
&nbsp;<BR>interesting&nbsp;comments&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;early&nbsp;days&nbsp;of&nbsp;patch:&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DDJ:&nbsp;By&nbsp;the&nbsp;way,&nbsp;what&nbsp;came&nbsp;first,&nbsp;patch&nbsp;or&nbsp;diff?
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LW:&nbsp;diff,&nbsp;by&nbsp;a&nbsp;long&nbsp;ways.&nbsp;&nbsp;patch&nbsp;is&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;those&nbsp;things
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that,&nbsp;in&nbsp;retrospect,&nbsp;I&nbsp;was&nbsp;totally&nbsp;amazed&nbsp;that&nbsp;nobody&nbsp;had
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thought&nbsp;of&nbsp;it&nbsp;sooner,&nbsp;because&nbsp;I&nbsp;think&nbsp;that&nbsp;diff&nbsp;predated
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;patch&nbsp;by&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;ten&nbsp;years&nbsp;or&nbsp;so.
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;think&nbsp;I&nbsp;know&nbsp;why,&nbsp;though.&nbsp;&nbsp;And&nbsp;it's&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;these&nbsp;little
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;psychological&nbsp;things.&nbsp;&nbsp;When&nbsp;they&nbsp;made&nbsp;diff,&nbsp;they&nbsp;added&nbsp;an
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;option&nbsp;called&nbsp;-e,&nbsp;I&nbsp;think&nbsp;it&nbsp;was,&nbsp;and&nbsp;that&nbsp;would&nbsp;spit&nbsp;out&nbsp;an
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ed&nbsp;script,&nbsp;so&nbsp;people&nbsp;said&nbsp;to&nbsp;themselves,&nbsp;&quot;Well,&nbsp;if&nbsp;I&nbsp;wanted
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to&nbsp;automate&nbsp;the&nbsp;applying&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;diff,&nbsp;I&nbsp;would&nbsp;use&nbsp;that.&quot;&nbsp;So&nbsp;it
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never&nbsp;actually&nbsp;occurred&nbsp;to&nbsp;someone&nbsp;that&nbsp;you&nbsp;could&nbsp;write&nbsp;a
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;computer&nbsp;program&nbsp;to&nbsp;take&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;forms&nbsp;of&nbsp;output&nbsp;and&nbsp;apply
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them.&nbsp;&nbsp;Either&nbsp;that,&nbsp;or&nbsp;it&nbsp;did&nbsp;not&nbsp;occur&nbsp;to&nbsp;them&nbsp;that&nbsp;there
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was&nbsp;some&nbsp;benefit&nbsp;to&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;context&nbsp;diff&nbsp;form,&nbsp;because&nbsp;you
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could&nbsp;apply&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;something&nbsp;that&nbsp;had&nbsp;been&nbsp;changed&nbsp;and&nbsp;still
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;easily&nbsp;get&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;do&nbsp;the&nbsp;right&nbsp;thing.
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It's&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;those&nbsp;things&nbsp;that's&nbsp;obvious&nbsp;in&nbsp;retrospect.&nbsp;&nbsp;But
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;perfectly&nbsp;honest,&nbsp;it&nbsp;wasn't&nbsp;really&nbsp;a&nbsp;brilliant&nbsp;flash
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of&nbsp;inspiration&nbsp;so&nbsp;much&nbsp;as&nbsp;self&nbsp;defense.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;put&nbsp;out&nbsp;the&nbsp;first
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;rn,&nbsp;and&nbsp;then&nbsp;I&nbsp;started&nbsp;putting&nbsp;out&nbsp;patches&nbsp;for
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it,&nbsp;and&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;a&nbsp;total&nbsp;mess.&nbsp;&nbsp;You&nbsp;could&nbsp;not&nbsp;get&nbsp;people&nbsp;to
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;apply&nbsp;patches&nbsp;because&nbsp;they&nbsp;had&nbsp;to&nbsp;apply&nbsp;them&nbsp;by&nbsp;hand.&nbsp;&nbsp;So,
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they&nbsp;would&nbsp;skip&nbsp;the&nbsp;ones&nbsp;that&nbsp;they&nbsp;didn't&nbsp;think&nbsp;they&nbsp;needed,
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;they'd&nbsp;apply&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;ones&nbsp;over&nbsp;that,&nbsp;and&nbsp;they'd&nbsp;get
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;totally&nbsp;messed&nbsp;up.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;wrote&nbsp;patch&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;they&nbsp;wouldn't&nbsp;have
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this&nbsp;excuse&nbsp;that&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;too&nbsp;hard.
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;don't&nbsp;know&nbsp;whether&nbsp;it's&nbsp;still&nbsp;the&nbsp;case,&nbsp;but&nbsp;for&nbsp;many
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years,&nbsp;I&nbsp;told&nbsp;people&nbsp;that&nbsp;I&nbsp;thought&nbsp;patch&nbsp;had&nbsp;changed&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;culture&nbsp;of&nbsp;computing&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;either&nbsp;rn&nbsp;or&nbsp;Perl&nbsp;had.&nbsp;&nbsp;Now
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;is&nbsp;getting&nbsp;a&nbsp;lot&nbsp;faster&nbsp;than&nbsp;it&nbsp;used&nbsp;to
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be,&nbsp;and&nbsp;it's&nbsp;getting&nbsp;much&nbsp;easier&nbsp;to&nbsp;distribute&nbsp;whole
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;distributions,&nbsp;patches&nbsp;tend&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;sent&nbsp;around&nbsp;only&nbsp;among
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developers.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;haven't&nbsp;sent&nbsp;out&nbsp;a&nbsp;patch&nbsp;kit&nbsp;for&nbsp;Perl&nbsp;in
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;think&nbsp;patch&nbsp;has&nbsp;became&nbsp;less&nbsp;important&nbsp;for&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whole&nbsp;thing,&nbsp;but&nbsp;still&nbsp;continues&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;a&nbsp;way&nbsp;for&nbsp;developers
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to&nbsp;interchange&nbsp;ideas.&nbsp;&nbsp;But&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;while&nbsp;in&nbsp;there,&nbsp;patch
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really&nbsp;did&nbsp;make&nbsp;a&nbsp;big&nbsp;difference&nbsp;to&nbsp;how&nbsp;software&nbsp;was
&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developed.&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>Larry&nbsp;Wall's&nbsp;assessment&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;diminishing&nbsp;importance&nbsp;of&nbsp;patch&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>computing&nbsp;community&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;whole&nbsp;is&nbsp;probably&nbsp;accurate,&nbsp;but
&nbsp;<BR>in&nbsp;the&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;world&nbsp;it's&nbsp;still&nbsp;an&nbsp;essential&nbsp;tool.&nbsp;The&nbsp;ubiquity&nbsp;of&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>patch&nbsp;makes&nbsp;it&nbsp;possible&nbsp;for&nbsp;new&nbsp;users&nbsp;and&nbsp;non-programmers&nbsp;to
&nbsp;<BR>easily&nbsp;participate&nbsp;in&nbsp;alpha-&nbsp;and&nbsp;beta-testing&nbsp;of&nbsp;software,&nbsp;thus&nbsp;benefiting&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;entire&nbsp;community.&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>It&nbsp;occurred&nbsp;to&nbsp;me&nbsp;to&nbsp;write&nbsp;this&nbsp;article&nbsp;after&nbsp;noticing&nbsp;a&nbsp;thread&nbsp;which&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>periodically&nbsp;resurfaces&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;linux-kernel&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;list.&nbsp;About
&nbsp;<BR>every&nbsp;three&nbsp;months&nbsp;someone&nbsp;will&nbsp;post&nbsp;a&nbsp;plea&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;split&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;source&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>distribution,&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;someone&nbsp;just&nbsp;interested&nbsp;in,&nbsp;say,&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>i386&nbsp;code&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;IDE&nbsp;disk&nbsp;driver&nbsp;wouldn't&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;download&nbsp;the&nbsp;Alpha,&nbsp;Sparc,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>etc.&nbsp;files&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;many&nbsp;SCSI&nbsp;drivers&nbsp;for&nbsp;each&nbsp;new
&nbsp;<BR>kernel&nbsp;release.&nbsp;A&nbsp;series&nbsp;of&nbsp;patient&nbsp;(and&nbsp;some&nbsp;not-so-patient)&nbsp;replies&nbsp;will&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>follow,&nbsp;most&nbsp;urging&nbsp;the&nbsp;original&nbsp;poster&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;patches&nbsp;to
&nbsp;<BR>upgrade&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;source.&nbsp;Linus&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;will&nbsp;then&nbsp;once&nbsp;again&nbsp;state&nbsp;that&nbsp;he&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>has&nbsp;no&nbsp;interest&nbsp;in&nbsp;undertaking&nbsp;the&nbsp;laborious&nbsp;task&nbsp;of
&nbsp;<BR>splitting&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;source&nbsp;into&nbsp;chunks,&nbsp;but&nbsp;that&nbsp;if&nbsp;anyone&nbsp;else&nbsp;wants&nbsp;to,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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