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📁 一份很好的linux入门资料
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<TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;yyh&nbsp;(阿欢&amp;正在努力上进中......),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;Previewing&nbsp;The&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Kernel&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Sat&nbsp;Sep&nbsp;18&nbsp;03:25:34&nbsp;1999)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;www.cmpnet.com&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Technology&nbsp;Network&nbsp;<BR>Previewing&nbsp;The&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Kernel&nbsp;<BR>By&nbsp;Moshe&nbsp;Bar,&nbsp;<BR>Aug&nbsp;10,&nbsp;1999&nbsp;(8:02&nbsp;AM)&nbsp;<BR>URL:&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.byte.com/feature/BYT19990809S0002">http://www.byte.com/feature/BYT19990809S0002</A>&nbsp;<BR>Linux&nbsp;2.4,&nbsp;the&nbsp;newest&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;is,&nbsp;according&nbsp;to&nbsp;buzz&nbsp;on&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;net,&nbsp;slated&nbsp;for&nbsp;official&nbsp;release&nbsp;by&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;author&nbsp;Linus&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;by&nbsp;<BR>mid-August.&nbsp;(Linux&nbsp;distributors&nbsp;like&nbsp;RedHat,&nbsp;SuSe,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Caldera&nbsp;changed&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;then-new&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;2.2&nbsp;back&nbsp;in&nbsp;April&nbsp;1999&nbsp;--&nbsp;although&nbsp;many&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>users&nbsp;are&nbsp;still&nbsp;running&nbsp;earlier&nbsp;versions.)&nbsp;<BR>I've&nbsp;been&nbsp;running&nbsp;version&nbsp;2.3.11,&nbsp;a&nbsp;development&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;kernel.&nbsp;<BR>Development&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;are&nbsp;always&nbsp;numbered&nbsp;odd&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;minor&nbsp;version&nbsp;number.&nbsp;<BR>For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;the&nbsp;development&nbsp;for&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;numbered&nbsp;2.3.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<BR>development&nbsp;for&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;2.9&nbsp;etc.&nbsp;Here's&nbsp;a&nbsp;report&nbsp;on&nbsp;what&nbsp;you&nbsp;<BR>can&nbsp;expect,&nbsp;in&nbsp;terms&nbsp;of&nbsp;features,&nbsp;changes,&nbsp;how&nbsp;well&nbsp;things&nbsp;work,&nbsp;and&nbsp;some&nbsp;<BR>things&nbsp;you&nbsp;may&nbsp;want&nbsp;to&nbsp;do.&nbsp;<BR>A&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;--&nbsp;of&nbsp;which&nbsp;there&nbsp;are&nbsp;dozens&nbsp;of&nbsp;well-known&nbsp;ones,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>anybody&nbsp;can&nbsp;create&nbsp;their&nbsp;own&nbsp;--&nbsp;is&nbsp;intended&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;a&nbsp;fully&nbsp;operational&nbsp;<BR>system,&nbsp;including&nbsp;not&nbsp;only&nbsp;the&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system,&nbsp;but&nbsp;also&nbsp;tools&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>utilities&nbsp;ranging&nbsp;from&nbsp;shells,&nbsp;GUIs,&nbsp;text&nbsp;editors,&nbsp;and&nbsp;browser&nbsp;clients&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>language&nbsp;compilers/debuggers,&nbsp;Web&nbsp;servers,&nbsp;games,&nbsp;and&nbsp;more.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>heart&nbsp;of&nbsp;any&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;remains&nbsp;its&nbsp;kernel;&nbsp;major&nbsp;new&nbsp;versions&nbsp;are&nbsp;<BR>eagerly&nbsp;awaited.&nbsp;<BR>I&nbsp;remember&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;download&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;in&nbsp;1991,&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;university's&nbsp;<BR>computer.&nbsp;I&nbsp;just&nbsp;downloaded&nbsp;it&nbsp;out&nbsp;of&nbsp;curiosity,&nbsp;not&nbsp;really&nbsp;knowing&nbsp;what&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>expect&nbsp;from&nbsp;it.&nbsp;Only&nbsp;a&nbsp;few&nbsp;features&nbsp;were&nbsp;present.&nbsp;The&nbsp;most&nbsp;impressive&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>them&nbsp;all&nbsp;was&nbsp;Linux's&nbsp;stability&nbsp;and&nbsp;reliability.&nbsp;<BR>We&nbsp;are&nbsp;now&nbsp;in&nbsp;version&nbsp;2.2.11&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;and&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;is&nbsp;now&nbsp;supported&nbsp;<BR>offered&nbsp;(preinstalled)&nbsp;and&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;likes&nbsp;of&nbsp;IBM,&nbsp;Dell,&nbsp;Sun,&nbsp;HP,&nbsp;SGI,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>many&nbsp;more.&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;next&nbsp;big&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;release&nbsp;--&nbsp;the&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;--&nbsp;will&nbsp;address&nbsp;even&nbsp;more&nbsp;<BR>such&nbsp;important&nbsp;issues&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;more&nbsp;efficient&nbsp;Symmetric&nbsp;MultiProcessing&nbsp;<BR>(SMP),&nbsp;a&nbsp;more&nbsp;reliable&nbsp;and&nbsp;faster&nbsp;file&nbsp;system,&nbsp;better&nbsp;virtual&nbsp;memory&nbsp;<BR>manager,&nbsp;and&nbsp;64-bit&nbsp;support.&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;way&nbsp;to&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;is&nbsp;still&nbsp;long&nbsp;and&nbsp;bumpy,&nbsp;but&nbsp;fortunately&nbsp;Linus&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;will&nbsp;<BR>feed&nbsp;us&nbsp;the&nbsp;big&nbsp;changes&nbsp;in&nbsp;easily&nbsp;digestible&nbsp;chops.&nbsp;The&nbsp;next&nbsp;step&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>way&nbsp;to&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;upcoming&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;release,&nbsp;which&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;lists&nbsp;<BR>and&nbsp;discussion&nbsp;areas&nbsp;are&nbsp;rumoring&nbsp;will&nbsp;happen&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;next&nbsp;few&nbsp;weeks.&nbsp;<BR>We&nbsp;at&nbsp;Byte.com&nbsp;already&nbsp;tested&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;breed&nbsp;of&nbsp;kernels,&nbsp;currently&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>version&nbsp;2.3.11,&nbsp;and&nbsp;what&nbsp;follows&nbsp;here&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;technical&nbsp;report&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;<BR>features.While&nbsp;the&nbsp;2.2.&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;were&nbsp;meant&nbsp;to&nbsp;address&nbsp;primarily&nbsp;<BR>deficiencies&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;on&nbsp;servers,&nbsp;the&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;release&nbsp;offers&nbsp;new&nbsp;features&nbsp;<BR>mainly&nbsp;aimed&nbsp;at&nbsp;workstations.&nbsp;In&nbsp;other&nbsp;words,&nbsp;emphasis&nbsp;is&nbsp;being&nbsp;put&nbsp;on&nbsp;<BR>support&nbsp;for&nbsp;new&nbsp;devices,&nbsp;multimedia,&nbsp;and&nbsp;ease&nbsp;of&nbsp;use.&nbsp;If&nbsp;your&nbsp;machine&nbsp;<BR>previously&nbsp;already&nbsp;supported&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;well,&nbsp;you&nbsp;won't&nbsp;see&nbsp;many&nbsp;changes.&nbsp;Most&nbsp;<BR>of&nbsp;2.2's&nbsp;bugs&nbsp;were&nbsp;already&nbsp;eliminated&nbsp;by&nbsp;minor&nbsp;release&nbsp;2.2.10&nbsp;and&nbsp;therefore&nbsp;<BR>you&nbsp;won't&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;rush&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;kernel.&nbsp;<BR>Changes&nbsp;At&nbsp;A&nbsp;GlanceCTrl-Alt-Delete&nbsp;now&nbsp;performs&nbsp;a&nbsp;cold&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;instead&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>warm&nbsp;reboot.&nbsp;This&nbsp;was&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;for&nbsp;increased&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;compatibility.&nbsp;If&nbsp;<BR>you&nbsp;want&nbsp;a&nbsp;warm&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;and&nbsp;you&nbsp;know&nbsp;it&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;make&nbsp;problems&nbsp;with&nbsp;your&nbsp;<BR>hardware,&nbsp;add&nbsp;a&nbsp;&quot;reboot=warm&quot;&nbsp;command&nbsp;line&nbsp;option&nbsp;in&nbsp;your&nbsp;LILO&nbsp;<BR>configuration&nbsp;file.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;machines&nbsp;needs&nbsp;&quot;reboot=bios&quot;&nbsp;to&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;via&nbsp;BIOS.&nbsp;<BR>All&nbsp;cua*&nbsp;devices&nbsp;are&nbsp;obsolete&nbsp;by&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;2.4.&nbsp;Make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;to&nbsp;change&nbsp;over&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>ttyS*&nbsp;style&nbsp;now.&nbsp;The&nbsp;2.2.&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;complained&nbsp;about,&nbsp;but&nbsp;still&nbsp;accepted&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>old&nbsp;notation.&nbsp;<BR>If&nbsp;you&nbsp;run&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;glibc-2.0.9x&nbsp;then&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;also&nbsp;have&nbsp;optional&nbsp;support&nbsp;<BR>for&nbsp;Unix998-sytle&nbsp;pty&nbsp;devices.&nbsp;You&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;re-compile&nbsp;your&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;with&nbsp;<BR>CONFIG_UNIX98_PTY&nbsp;and&nbsp;CONFIG_DEVPTS_FS&nbsp;enabled&nbsp;for&nbsp;this.&nbsp;The&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;<BR>need&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;gcc&nbsp;2.7.2&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;compiled.&nbsp;Note&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;egcs,&nbsp;pgcc&nbsp;and&nbsp;gcc2.8&nbsp;<BR>compilers&nbsp;may&nbsp;do&nbsp;Bad&nbsp;Things&nbsp;while&nbsp;compiling&nbsp;your&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;particularly&nbsp;with&nbsp;<BR>ridiculous&nbsp;optimizations&nbsp;(-O9).&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;spiffy&nbsp;penguin&nbsp;logo&nbsp;on&nbsp;boot-up&nbsp;introduced&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;frame&nbsp;buffer&nbsp;consoles&nbsp;<BR>of&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;2.2&nbsp;is&nbsp;now&nbsp;available&nbsp;for&nbsp;all&nbsp;platforms&nbsp;on&nbsp;which&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;runs.&nbsp;This&nbsp;<BR>has&nbsp;the&nbsp;advantage&nbsp;of&nbsp;providing&nbsp;a&nbsp;uniform&nbsp;graphical&nbsp;subsystem&nbsp;support&nbsp;across&nbsp;<BR>all&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;ports.&nbsp;<BR>Some&nbsp;old&nbsp;software&nbsp;may&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;recompiled&nbsp;against&nbsp;2.2.&nbsp;headers&nbsp;to&nbsp;work&nbsp;<BR>properly&nbsp;under&nbsp;2.4&nbsp;kernels.&nbsp;This&nbsp;should,&nbsp;however&nbsp;not&nbsp;be&nbsp;needed&nbsp;often.&nbsp;<BR>To&nbsp;turn&nbsp;on&nbsp;IP&nbsp;forwarding&nbsp;(enabling&nbsp;a&nbsp;computer&nbsp;with&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;one&nbsp;network&nbsp;<BR>connection&nbsp;to&nbsp;act&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;gateway)&nbsp;issue&nbsp;the&nbsp;following&nbsp;command,&nbsp;obviously&nbsp;as&nbsp;<BR>root:&nbsp;<BR>echo&nbsp;1&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&nbsp;<BR>
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