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一份很好的linux入门资料

in&nbsp;part&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;fact&nbsp;that&nbsp;he's&nbsp;more&nbsp;comfortable&nbsp;writing&nbsp;English&nbsp;--&nbsp;the&nbsp;main&nbsp;<BR>
language&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;--&nbsp;than&nbsp;speaking&nbsp;it.&nbsp;He&nbsp;and&nbsp;his&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;colleagues&nbsp;<BR>
converse&nbsp;almost&nbsp;entirely&nbsp;in&nbsp;English,&nbsp;and&nbsp;almost&nbsp;entirely&nbsp;by&nbsp;e-mail.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Their&nbsp;global&nbsp;collaboration&nbsp;reached&nbsp;a&nbsp;milestone&nbsp;about&nbsp;a&nbsp;year&nbsp;after&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;<BR>
began&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;when&nbsp;they&nbsp;had&nbsp;improved&nbsp;the&nbsp;software&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;point&nbsp;that&nbsp;it&nbsp;<BR>
supported&nbsp;the&nbsp;GCC&nbsp;compiler,&nbsp;a&nbsp;free&nbsp;program&nbsp;written&nbsp;by&nbsp;Richard&nbsp;Stallman,&nbsp;<BR>
founder&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Foundation,&nbsp;based&nbsp;at&nbsp;(but&nbsp;not&nbsp;part&nbsp;of)&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
Massachusetts&nbsp;Institute&nbsp;of&nbsp;Technology.&nbsp;Compilers&nbsp;translate&nbsp;programming&nbsp;<BR>
language&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;into&nbsp;digital&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;that&nbsp;a&nbsp;computer&nbsp;can&nbsp;actually&nbsp;<BR>
read&nbsp;and&nbsp;obey.&nbsp;Getting&nbsp;GCC&nbsp;working&nbsp;on&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;meant&nbsp;people&nbsp;could&nbsp;more&nbsp;easily&nbsp;<BR>
write&nbsp;applications&nbsp;software&nbsp;to&nbsp;run&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
A&nbsp;'real'&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Early&nbsp;versions&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;were&nbsp;numbered&nbsp;0.01,&nbsp;0.02&nbsp;and&nbsp;0.03,&nbsp;followed&nbsp;by&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
jump&nbsp;to&nbsp;0.10,&nbsp;0.11&nbsp;and&nbsp;0.12.&nbsp;By&nbsp;February&nbsp;1992,&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;recalled,&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
project&nbsp;was&nbsp;getting&nbsp;closer&nbsp;to&nbsp;version&nbsp;1.0,&nbsp;signifying&nbsp;stability&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;code&nbsp;<BR>
along&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;essential&nbsp;features&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;''real''&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
But&nbsp;release&nbsp;1.0&nbsp;didn't&nbsp;arrive&nbsp;until&nbsp;March&nbsp;1994.&nbsp;Networking&nbsp;--&nbsp;allowing&nbsp;<BR>
computers&nbsp;to&nbsp;connect&nbsp;smoothly&nbsp;to&nbsp;each&nbsp;other&nbsp;--&nbsp;was&nbsp;the&nbsp;last&nbsp;essential&nbsp;<BR>
component,&nbsp;and&nbsp;it&nbsp;didn't&nbsp;come&nbsp;smoothly.&nbsp;When&nbsp;version&nbsp;1.0&nbsp;hit&nbsp;the&nbsp;digital&nbsp;<BR>
streets,&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;already&nbsp;had&nbsp;about&nbsp;100,000&nbsp;users,&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;said.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Subsequent&nbsp;versions&nbsp;brought&nbsp;new&nbsp;features&nbsp;and&nbsp;supported&nbsp;more&nbsp;kinds&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>
hardware.&nbsp;Version&nbsp;2.0,&nbsp;which&nbsp;arrived&nbsp;in&nbsp;June,&nbsp;was&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;to&nbsp;support&nbsp;more&nbsp;<BR>
than&nbsp;just&nbsp;the&nbsp;Intel&nbsp;architecture,&nbsp;and&nbsp;also&nbsp;had&nbsp;the&nbsp;ability&nbsp;to&nbsp;run&nbsp;on&nbsp;<BR>
multi-processor&nbsp;machines,&nbsp;a&nbsp;feature&nbsp;in&nbsp;growing&nbsp;demand.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Software&nbsp;is&nbsp;free&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;fundamental&nbsp;copyright&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;still&nbsp;resides&nbsp;with&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;and&nbsp;other&nbsp;<BR>
contributors,&nbsp;but&nbsp;the&nbsp;software&nbsp;is&nbsp;free&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;taking&nbsp;from&nbsp;several&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;<BR>
sites&nbsp;(and&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;purchased&nbsp;on&nbsp;CD-ROM).&nbsp;Distribution&nbsp;works&nbsp;this&nbsp;way:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
You're&nbsp;free&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;and&nbsp;modify&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;and&nbsp;even&nbsp;make&nbsp;a&nbsp;profit&nbsp;selling&nbsp;copies.&nbsp;<BR>
But&nbsp;you&nbsp;also&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;distribute&nbsp;the&nbsp;''source&nbsp;code''&nbsp;--&nbsp;the&nbsp;programming&nbsp;<BR>
instructions&nbsp;--&nbsp;that&nbsp;will&nbsp;make&nbsp;what&nbsp;you&nbsp;did&nbsp;available&nbsp;to&nbsp;other&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;<BR>
so&nbsp;they,&nbsp;in&nbsp;turn,&nbsp;can&nbsp;modify&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;and&nbsp;use&nbsp;your&nbsp;innovation&nbsp;more&nbsp;<BR>
effectively.&nbsp;And&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;allow&nbsp;others&nbsp;to&nbsp;redistribute&nbsp;your&nbsp;changes&nbsp;as&nbsp;<BR>
well.&nbsp;This&nbsp;process&nbsp;is&nbsp;widely&nbsp;known&nbsp;as&nbsp;''copyleft''&nbsp;and&nbsp;was&nbsp;devised&nbsp;by&nbsp;<BR>
Stallman&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Foundation.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
''To&nbsp;make&nbsp;money&nbsp;on&nbsp;(free&nbsp;software),&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;give&nbsp;real&nbsp;added&nbsp;value,''&nbsp;<BR>
Torvalds&nbsp;said.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
For&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;value&nbsp;he's&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;computing&nbsp;world,&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;hasn't&nbsp;<BR>
profited&nbsp;very&nbsp;much&nbsp;himself,&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;not&nbsp;financially.&nbsp;Several&nbsp;years&nbsp;ago,&nbsp;he&nbsp;<BR>
said,&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;helped&nbsp;him&nbsp;pay&nbsp;off&nbsp;the&nbsp;computer&nbsp;he&nbsp;was&nbsp;using&nbsp;for&nbsp;<BR>
development,&nbsp;while&nbsp;''four&nbsp;or&nbsp;five''&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;users&nbsp;have&nbsp;sent&nbsp;him&nbsp;about&nbsp;$100&nbsp;<BR>
apiece&nbsp;as&nbsp;tokens&nbsp;of&nbsp;appreciation.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
In&nbsp;addition&nbsp;to&nbsp;his&nbsp;satisfaction&nbsp;from&nbsp;watching&nbsp;the&nbsp;project&nbsp;grow,&nbsp;his&nbsp;indirect&nbsp;<BR>
gains&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;more&nbsp;substantial&nbsp;than&nbsp;the&nbsp;direct&nbsp;ones.&nbsp;There&nbsp;are&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
virtually&nbsp;free&nbsp;vacations,&nbsp;for&nbsp;example:&nbsp;When&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;travels&nbsp;to&nbsp;speak&nbsp;about&nbsp;<BR>
Linux,&nbsp;he&nbsp;gets&nbsp;reimbursed&nbsp;for&nbsp;expenses&nbsp;and&nbsp;sometimes&nbsp;arranges&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
sponsors&nbsp;to&nbsp;pay&nbsp;for&nbsp;his&nbsp;hotel&nbsp;for&nbsp;an&nbsp;extra&nbsp;week&nbsp;or&nbsp;so.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Meanwhile,&nbsp;the&nbsp;university&nbsp;keeps&nbsp;him&nbsp;on&nbsp;salary&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;researcher&nbsp;but&nbsp;allows&nbsp;him&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;pursue&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;as&nbsp;an&nbsp;essentially&nbsp;full-time&nbsp;occupation.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Others&nbsp;are&nbsp;making&nbsp;real&nbsp;money.&nbsp;Several&nbsp;companies&nbsp;sell&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;on&nbsp;CD-ROMs&nbsp;along&nbsp;<BR>
with&nbsp;applications&nbsp;software&nbsp;including&nbsp;word&nbsp;processors,&nbsp;spreadsheets&nbsp;and&nbsp;World&nbsp;<BR>
Wide&nbsp;Web&nbsp;servers;&nbsp;a&nbsp;Web&nbsp;server&nbsp;is&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;manages&nbsp;a&nbsp;Web&nbsp;site&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
dishes&nbsp;out&nbsp;material&nbsp;to&nbsp;people&nbsp;running&nbsp;Web&nbsp;browsers&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;Netscape&nbsp;<BR>
Navigator&nbsp;and&nbsp;Microsoft&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;Explorer.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Caldera&nbsp;Inc.,&nbsp;a&nbsp;company&nbsp;founded&nbsp;by&nbsp;former&nbsp;Novell&nbsp;Inc.&nbsp;chairman&nbsp;Ray&nbsp;Noorda,&nbsp;<BR>
is&nbsp;probably&nbsp;the&nbsp;most&nbsp;prominent&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;resellers.&nbsp;Caldera&nbsp;offers&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;plus&nbsp;a&nbsp;host&nbsp;of&nbsp;desktop&nbsp;applications&nbsp;software&nbsp;(including&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
WordPerfect&nbsp;word&nbsp;processor)&nbsp;for&nbsp;prices&nbsp;ranging&nbsp;from&nbsp;$99&nbsp;and&nbsp;up.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
What's&nbsp;most&nbsp;important,&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;says,&nbsp;is&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;basic&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;<BR>
''not&nbsp;lock&nbsp;you&nbsp;into&nbsp;anything.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
''When&nbsp;it&nbsp;comes&nbsp;to&nbsp;applications,&nbsp;I&nbsp;prefer&nbsp;having&nbsp;the&nbsp;source&nbsp;(code),&nbsp;but&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>
can&nbsp;always&nbsp;find&nbsp;another&nbsp;one,''&nbsp;he&nbsp;said,&nbsp;''If&nbsp;the&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;breaks&nbsp;<BR>
you're&nbsp;stuck.''&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Linux&nbsp;and&nbsp;other&nbsp;Unixes&nbsp;recently&nbsp;have&nbsp;added&nbsp;a&nbsp;capability&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;of&nbsp;enormous&nbsp;<BR>
value&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;Windows-leaning&nbsp;world:&nbsp;Windows-compatibility,&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
limited&nbsp;way,&nbsp;via&nbsp;the&nbsp;''Wabi''&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;emulation&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;runs&nbsp;on&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;can&nbsp;run&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;programs&nbsp;without&nbsp;having&nbsp;to&nbsp;own&nbsp;the&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;software&nbsp;<BR>
itself.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
''Wabi&nbsp;is&nbsp;good&nbsp;enough&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;lot&nbsp;of&nbsp;people,''&nbsp;said&nbsp;Torvalds,&nbsp;who&nbsp;uses&nbsp;it&nbsp;<BR>
mainly&nbsp;to&nbsp;run&nbsp;Microsoft&nbsp;PowerPoint,&nbsp;the&nbsp;one&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;program&nbsp;he&nbsp;says&nbsp;he&nbsp;truly&nbsp;<BR>
likes&nbsp;using.&nbsp;Wabi&nbsp;also&nbsp;costs&nbsp;money,&nbsp;though&nbsp;a&nbsp;free&nbsp;version&nbsp;is&nbsp;under&nbsp;<BR>
development.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Intrigued&nbsp;by&nbsp;Java&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Torvalds&nbsp;is&nbsp;intrigued&nbsp;but&nbsp;skeptical,&nbsp;meanwhile,&nbsp;about&nbsp;Java,&nbsp;the&nbsp;widely&nbsp;<BR>
discussed&nbsp;programming&nbsp;language&nbsp;from&nbsp;Sun&nbsp;Microsystems.&nbsp;A&nbsp;Java&nbsp;program&nbsp;can,&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>
theory,&nbsp;run&nbsp;on&nbsp;any&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;or&nbsp;other&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;supports&nbsp;it;&nbsp;Web&nbsp;<BR>
browsers&nbsp;were&nbsp;among&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;software&nbsp;programs&nbsp;to&nbsp;support&nbsp;Java.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;Java&nbsp;boom&nbsp;is&nbsp;in&nbsp;part&nbsp;spurred&nbsp;by&nbsp;anti-Microsoft&nbsp;fervor,&nbsp;because&nbsp;it&nbsp;might&nbsp;<BR>
threaten&nbsp;Microsoft's&nbsp;hegemony&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;PC.&nbsp;Torvalds&nbsp;disdains&nbsp;the&nbsp;Java&nbsp;hype,&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;use&nbsp;the&nbsp;language&nbsp;himself.&nbsp;Yet&nbsp;''the&nbsp;timing&nbsp;for&nbsp;Java&nbsp;is&nbsp;good,''&nbsp;<BR>
he&nbsp;said,&nbsp;because&nbsp;people&nbsp;are&nbsp;truly&nbsp;looking&nbsp;for&nbsp;an&nbsp;alternative.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
''Microsoft&nbsp;operating&nbsp;systems&nbsp;are&nbsp;bad,&nbsp;and&nbsp;their&nbsp;morals&nbsp;are&nbsp;even&nbsp;worse,''&nbsp;he&nbsp;<BR>
said.&nbsp;''But&nbsp;they&nbsp;make&nbsp;some&nbsp;good&nbsp;applications.''&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Torvalds&nbsp;said&nbsp;he's&nbsp;been&nbsp;offered&nbsp;jobs&nbsp;at&nbsp;several&nbsp;companies,&nbsp;but&nbsp;remains&nbsp;happy&nbsp;<BR>
where&nbsp;he&nbsp;is&nbsp;--&nbsp;drawing&nbsp;a&nbsp;salary&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;university,&nbsp;where&nbsp;he&nbsp;can&nbsp;pursue&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;other&nbsp;interesting&nbsp;work,&nbsp;and&nbsp;living&nbsp;what&nbsp;he&nbsp;calls&nbsp;an&nbsp;essentially&nbsp;normal&nbsp;<BR>
life.&nbsp;(Among&nbsp;other&nbsp;non-Linux&nbsp;activities,&nbsp;he&nbsp;enjoys&nbsp;reading&nbsp;and&nbsp;playing&nbsp;<BR>
snooker,&nbsp;a&nbsp;form&nbsp;of&nbsp;billiards.)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Anyway,&nbsp;he&nbsp;laughed,&nbsp;companies&nbsp;considering&nbsp;job&nbsp;offers&nbsp;probably&nbsp;''assume&nbsp;I'm&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
rabid&nbsp;communist&nbsp;and&nbsp;would&nbsp;laugh&nbsp;in&nbsp;their&nbsp;faces.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
''I&nbsp;could&nbsp;be&nbsp;bought,''&nbsp;he&nbsp;said,&nbsp;''but&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;couldn't&nbsp;be.''&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
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