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002 write by others <BR> 001 execute by others <BR> symbolic:u user(owner) <BR> g group <BR> o others <BR> <BR> o others <BR> a all <BR> r read access <BR> w write access <BR> x execute access <BR> <BR> <eg> chmod 777 test.1 <BR> chmod a+r,a+x,a+w test.1 <BR> <BR>sort <filename> sort a file <BR> <BR>talk <username>[@<hostname>] talk with other <BR> <BR>mesg [y/n] allow others to talk to you <BR> <BR>history list your used commands <BR> <BR>jobs list of background jobs <BR> <BR>kill terminate process <BR> <eg> %kill -9 -1 //kill all processes <BR> %kill -9 1234 //kill process #1234 <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR>ps listing your process <BR> <eg> %ps <BR> PID TTY TIME COMMAND <BR> 3211 p0 0:00 - (csh) <BR> 1568 p0 0:00 ps <BR> 3456 p0 0:01 vi /tmp/snd.3476 <BR> 3455 p0 0:01 elm <BR> %kill -9 3456 <BR> %ps <BR> PID TTY TIME COMMAND <BR> 3211 p0 0:00 - (csh) <BR> 1570 p0 0:00 ps <BR> 3455 p0 0:01 elm <BR> <BR>using floppy: <BR> mdir list msdos disk <BR> mcopy a:dosfile unixfile transfer files from/to floppy <BR> mcopy unixfile a:dosfile <BR> mdel a:dosfile delete floppy files <BR> eject eject floppy files disk <BR> <BR>附录B A very brief look at Unix history <BR> <BR>附录B A very brief look at Unix history <BR> Unix history goes back to 1969 and the famous "little-used PDP-7 <BR> in a corner" on which Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie (the R in K&R) <BR> and others started work on what was to become Unix. The name <BR> "Unix" was intended as a pun on Multics (and was written "Unics" <BR> at first -- UNiplexed Information and Computing System). <BR> <BR> For the first 10 years, Unix development was essentially confined <BR> to Bell Labs. These initial versions were labeled "Version n" or <BR> "Nth Edition" (of the manuals), and were for DEC's PDP-11 (16 <BR> bits) and later VAXen (32 bits). Some significant versions <BR> include: <BR> <BR> V1 (1971): 1st Unix version, in assembler on a PDP-11/20. <BR> Included file system, fork(), roff, ed. Was used as a text <BR> processing tool for preparation of patents. Pipe() appeared <BR> first in V2! <BR> <BR> V4 (1973): Rewritten in C, which is probably the most <BR> significant event in this OS's history: it means Unix can be <BR> ported to a new hardware in months, and changes are easy. The <BR> C language was originally designed for the Unix operating <BR> system, and hence there is a strong synergy between C and Unix. <BR> <BR> system, and hence there is a strong synergy between C and Unix. <BR> <BR> V6 (1975): First version of Unix widely available outside <BR> Bell Labs (esp. in universities). This was also the start of <BR> Unix diversity and popularity. 1.xBSD (PDP-11) was derived <BR> from this version. J. Lions published "A commentary on the <BR> Unix Operating System" based on V6. <BR> <BR> V7 (1979): For many, this is the "last true Unix", an <BR> "improvement over all preceding and following Unices" <BR> [Bourne]. It included full K&R C, uucp, Bourne shell. V7 was <BR> ported to the VAX as 32V. The V7 kernel was a mere 40 <BR> Kbytes! <BR> <BR> These Vn versions were developed by the Computer Research Group <BR> (CRG) of Bell Labs. Another group, the Unix System Group (USG), <BR> was responsible for support. A third group at Bell Labs was also <BR> involved in Unix development, the Programmer's WorkBench (PWB), <BR> to which we owe, for example, sccs, named pipes and other <BR> important ideas. Both groups were merged into Unix System <BR> Development Lab in 1983. <BR> <BR> Work on Unix continued at Bell Labs in the 1980s. The V series <BR> <BR> Work on Unix continued at Bell Labs in the 1980s. The V series <BR> was further developed by the CRG (Stroustrup mentions V10 in the <BR> 2nd edition of his book on C++), but we don't seem to hear much <BR> about this otherwise. The company now responsible for Unix <BR> (System V) is called Unix System Laboratories (USL) and is <BR> majority-owned by AT&T. Novell has bought USL (early 93)?! <BR> <BR> But much happened to Unix outside AT&T, especially at Berkeley <BR> (where the other major flavor comes from). Vendors (esp. of <BR> workstations) also contributed much (e.g. Sun's NFS). <BR> <BR> The book "Life with Unix" by Don Libes and Sandy Ressler is <BR> fascinating reading for anyone interested in Unix, and covers a <BR> lot of the history, interactions, etc.. Much in the present <BR> section is summarized from this book. <BR> <BR> <BR> □—————————————————————————————————□ <BR> │ ☆ ㄙ ┼ □┼ ┌┼□ ☆ bbs.ntu.edu.tw │ <BR> │ ☆ O ∧ Ο│ □┼□ ☆ < 140.112.8.19 > │ <BR> □—————————————————————————————————□ <BR> <BR><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER></BODY></HTML>
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