00000005.htm

一份很好的linux入门资料

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And&nbsp;above&nbsp;all&nbsp;society&nbsp;needs&nbsp;to&nbsp;encourage&nbsp;the&nbsp;spirit&nbsp;of&nbsp;voluntary&nbsp;<BR>
cooperation&nbsp;in&nbsp;its&nbsp;citizens.&nbsp;When&nbsp;software&nbsp;owners&nbsp;tell&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;us&nbsp;that&nbsp;helping&nbsp;our&nbsp;neighbors&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;natural&nbsp;way&nbsp;is&nbsp;``piracy'',&nbsp;they&nbsp;<BR>
pollute&nbsp;our&nbsp;society's&nbsp;civic&nbsp;spirit.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;why&nbsp;we&nbsp;say&nbsp;that&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;matter&nbsp;of&nbsp;freedom,&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>
price.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;economic&nbsp;argument&nbsp;for&nbsp;owners&nbsp;is&nbsp;erroneous,&nbsp;but&nbsp;the&nbsp;economic&nbsp;issue&nbsp;<BR>
is&nbsp;real.&nbsp;Some&nbsp;people&nbsp;write&nbsp;useful&nbsp;software&nbsp;for&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;pleasure&nbsp;of&nbsp;writing&nbsp;it&nbsp;or&nbsp;for&nbsp;admiration&nbsp;and&nbsp;love;&nbsp;but&nbsp;if&nbsp;we&nbsp;want&nbsp;<BR>
more&nbsp;software&nbsp;than&nbsp;those&nbsp;people&nbsp;write,&nbsp;we&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;raise&nbsp;funds.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;ten&nbsp;years&nbsp;now,&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;developers&nbsp;have&nbsp;tried&nbsp;various&nbsp;methods&nbsp;<BR>
of&nbsp;finding&nbsp;funds,&nbsp;with&nbsp;some&nbsp;success.&nbsp;There's&nbsp;no&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;anyone&nbsp;rich;&nbsp;the&nbsp;median&nbsp;US&nbsp;family&nbsp;income,&nbsp;around&nbsp;$35k,&nbsp;<BR>
proves&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;enough&nbsp;incentive&nbsp;for&nbsp;many&nbsp;jobs&nbsp;that&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are&nbsp;less&nbsp;satisfying&nbsp;than&nbsp;programming.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;years,&nbsp;until&nbsp;a&nbsp;fellowship&nbsp;made&nbsp;it&nbsp;unnecessary,&nbsp;I&nbsp;made&nbsp;a&nbsp;living&nbsp;<BR>
from&nbsp;custom&nbsp;enhancements&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;I&nbsp;had&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;written.&nbsp;Each&nbsp;enhancement&nbsp;was&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;standard&nbsp;released&nbsp;version&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;thus&nbsp;eventually&nbsp;became&nbsp;available&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;general&nbsp;public.&nbsp;Clients&nbsp;paid&nbsp;me&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;I&nbsp;would&nbsp;work&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
enhancements&nbsp;they&nbsp;wanted,&nbsp;rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;features&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;would&nbsp;otherwise&nbsp;have&nbsp;considered&nbsp;highest&nbsp;priority.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Foundation&nbsp;(FSF),&nbsp;a&nbsp;tax-exempt&nbsp;charity&nbsp;for&nbsp;free&nbsp;<BR>
software&nbsp;development,&nbsp;raises&nbsp;funds&nbsp;by&nbsp;selling&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CD-ROMs,&nbsp;T-shirts,&nbsp;manuals,&nbsp;and&nbsp;deluxe&nbsp;distributions,&nbsp;(all&nbsp;of&nbsp;which&nbsp;<BR>
users&nbsp;are&nbsp;free&nbsp;to&nbsp;copy&nbsp;and&nbsp;change),&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from&nbsp;donations.&nbsp;It&nbsp;now&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;staff&nbsp;of&nbsp;five&nbsp;programmers,&nbsp;plus&nbsp;three&nbsp;<BR>
employees&nbsp;who&nbsp;handle&nbsp;mail&nbsp;orders.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;developers&nbsp;make&nbsp;money&nbsp;by&nbsp;selling&nbsp;support&nbsp;services.&nbsp;<BR>
Cygnus&nbsp;Solutions,&nbsp;with&nbsp;around&nbsp;50&nbsp;employees&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[now&nbsp;100&nbsp;in&nbsp;1997],&nbsp;estimates&nbsp;that&nbsp;about&nbsp;15&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent&nbsp;of&nbsp;its&nbsp;staff&nbsp;<BR>
activity&nbsp;is&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;development---a&nbsp;respectable&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;percentage&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;software&nbsp;company.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Companies&nbsp;including&nbsp;Intel,&nbsp;Motorola,&nbsp;Texas&nbsp;Instruments&nbsp;and&nbsp;Analog&nbsp;<BR>
Devices&nbsp;have&nbsp;combined&nbsp;to&nbsp;fund&nbsp;the&nbsp;continued&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;development&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;free&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;compiler&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;language&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Meanwhile,&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;compiler&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;Ada&nbsp;language&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;being&nbsp;funded&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;US&nbsp;Air&nbsp;Force,&nbsp;which&nbsp;believes&nbsp;this&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;most&nbsp;<BR>
cost-effective&nbsp;way&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;a&nbsp;high&nbsp;quality&nbsp;compiler.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Air&nbsp;Force&nbsp;funding&nbsp;ended&nbsp;some&nbsp;time&nbsp;ago;&nbsp;the&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Ada&nbsp;Compiler&nbsp;is&nbsp;now&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>
service,&nbsp;and&nbsp;its&nbsp;maintenance&nbsp;is&nbsp;funded&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;commercially.]&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All&nbsp;these&nbsp;examples&nbsp;are&nbsp;small;&nbsp;the&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;movement&nbsp;is&nbsp;still&nbsp;<BR>
small,&nbsp;and&nbsp;still&nbsp;young.&nbsp;But&nbsp;the&nbsp;example&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;listener-supported&nbsp;radio&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;country&nbsp;[the&nbsp;US]&nbsp;shows&nbsp;it's&nbsp;possible&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;support&nbsp;a&nbsp;large&nbsp;activity&nbsp;without&nbsp;forcing&nbsp;each&nbsp;user&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to&nbsp;pay.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
As&nbsp;a&nbsp;computer&nbsp;user&nbsp;today,&nbsp;you&nbsp;may&nbsp;find&nbsp;yourself&nbsp;using&nbsp;a&nbsp;proprietary&nbsp;(18k&nbsp;<BR>
characters)&nbsp;program.&nbsp;If&nbsp;your&nbsp;friend&nbsp;asks&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
copy,&nbsp;it&nbsp;would&nbsp;be&nbsp;wrong&nbsp;to&nbsp;refuse.&nbsp;Cooperation&nbsp;is&nbsp;more&nbsp;important&nbsp;than&nbsp;<BR>
copyright.&nbsp;But&nbsp;underground,&nbsp;closet&nbsp;cooperation&nbsp;does&nbsp;<BR>
not&nbsp;make&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;good&nbsp;society.&nbsp;A&nbsp;person&nbsp;should&nbsp;aspire&nbsp;to&nbsp;live&nbsp;an&nbsp;upright&nbsp;<BR>
life&nbsp;openly&nbsp;with&nbsp;pride,&nbsp;and&nbsp;this&nbsp;means&nbsp;saying&nbsp;``No''&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
proprietary&nbsp;software.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
You&nbsp;deserve&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;cooperate&nbsp;openly&nbsp;and&nbsp;freely&nbsp;with&nbsp;other&nbsp;people&nbsp;<BR>
who&nbsp;use&nbsp;software.&nbsp;You&nbsp;deserve&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;learn&nbsp;<BR>
how&nbsp;the&nbsp;software&nbsp;works,&nbsp;and&nbsp;to&nbsp;teach&nbsp;your&nbsp;students&nbsp;with&nbsp;it.&nbsp;You&nbsp;deserve&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;hire&nbsp;your&nbsp;favorite&nbsp;programmer&nbsp;to&nbsp;fix&nbsp;it&nbsp;<BR>
when&nbsp;it&nbsp;breaks.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
You&nbsp;deserve&nbsp;free&nbsp;software.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Other&nbsp;Texts&nbsp;to&nbsp;Read&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
This&nbsp;first&nbsp;group&nbsp;of&nbsp;articles&nbsp;directly&nbsp;address&nbsp;the&nbsp;philosophy&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;<BR>
project&nbsp;and&nbsp;free&nbsp;software:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What&nbsp;is&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Software?&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Should&nbsp;Not&nbsp;Have&nbsp;Owners&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selling&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Can&nbsp;Be&nbsp;Ok!&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Categories&nbsp;of&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Software&nbsp;(18k&nbsp;characters)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Free&nbsp;software&nbsp;is&nbsp;more&nbsp;reliable!&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Foundation?&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What&nbsp;is&nbsp;Copyleft?&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Confusing&nbsp;Words&nbsp;which&nbsp;You&nbsp;Might&nbsp;Want&nbsp;to&nbsp;Avoid&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;History&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Project&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Manifesto&nbsp;(31k&nbsp;characters)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why&nbsp;there&nbsp;are&nbsp;no&nbsp;GIF&nbsp;files&nbsp;on&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;web&nbsp;pages&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
This&nbsp;second&nbsp;group&nbsp;of&nbsp;articles&nbsp;deal&nbsp;with&nbsp;related&nbsp;topics&nbsp;but&nbsp;are&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>
directly&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;project:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;Protect&nbsp;the&nbsp;Right&nbsp;to&nbsp;Write&nbsp;Software&nbsp;(independent&nbsp;of&nbsp;whether&nbsp;<BR>
it's&nbsp;free&nbsp;or&nbsp;not)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where&nbsp;the&nbsp;Copyright&nbsp;System&nbsp;and&nbsp;Government&nbsp;Plans&nbsp;are&nbsp;Leading&nbsp;Us&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Right&nbsp;Way&nbsp;to&nbsp;Tax&nbsp;DAT&nbsp;(22k&nbsp;characters)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Studies&nbsp;Find&nbsp;Reward&nbsp;Often&nbsp;No&nbsp;Motivator&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;speech&nbsp;that&nbsp;Richard&nbsp;Stallman&nbsp;gave&nbsp;in&nbsp;1986&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;Royal&nbsp;Institute&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>
Technology&nbsp;in&nbsp;Sweden&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;Protect&nbsp;the&nbsp;Freedoms&nbsp;of&nbsp;Speech,&nbsp;Press,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Association&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
Internet&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
--&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;信言不美，美言不信。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;善者不辩，辩者不善。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;知者不博，博者不知。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;&lt;老子.道德经&gt;&gt;八十一章&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
※&nbsp;修改:·yuhj&nbsp;於&nbsp;Aug&nbsp;14&nbsp;00:15:18&nbsp;修改本文·[FROM:&nbsp;&nbsp;166.111.68.120]&nbsp;<BR>
※&nbsp;来源:·BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM:&nbsp;166.111.68.120]&nbsp;<BR>


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