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<TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;yuhj&nbsp;(勇&nbsp;&nbsp;梦回唐朝),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;为什么软件不应被任何人私有--R.&nbsp;Stallman&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Fri&nbsp;Aug&nbsp;14&nbsp;00:13:33&nbsp;1998)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Why&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Should&nbsp;Not&nbsp;Have&nbsp;Owners&nbsp;<BR>为什么软件不应被任何人私有&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>by&nbsp;Richard&nbsp;Stallman&nbsp;<BR>里查得.斯德曼&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>中文译者:勇(yuhj)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Digital&nbsp;information&nbsp;technology&nbsp;contributes&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;world&nbsp;by&nbsp;making&nbsp;it&nbsp;<BR>easier&nbsp;to&nbsp;copy&nbsp;and&nbsp;modify&nbsp;information.&nbsp;Computers&nbsp;promise&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;this&nbsp;<BR>easier&nbsp;for&nbsp;all&nbsp;of&nbsp;us.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>当今世界的数字信息科技使信息能被方便的复制和修改。计算机技术更加速了&nbsp;<BR>这一趋势的发展。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Not&nbsp;everyone&nbsp;wants&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;easier.&nbsp;The&nbsp;system&nbsp;of&nbsp;copyright&nbsp;gives&nbsp;<BR>software&nbsp;programs&nbsp;``owners'',&nbsp;most&nbsp;of&nbsp;whom&nbsp;aim&nbsp;to&nbsp;withhold&nbsp;software's&nbsp;<BR>potential&nbsp;benefit&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;public.&nbsp;They&nbsp;would&nbsp;like&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>only&nbsp;ones&nbsp;who&nbsp;can&nbsp;copy&nbsp;and&nbsp;modify&nbsp;the&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;we&nbsp;use.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>但这样的事情并不是每个人都喜欢看到的。所谓的版权制度给了软件制做者该软&nbsp;<BR>件“私有者”的权力。而大多数这些人都是利用这样的权力来控制软件进而从社&nbsp;<BR>会中获得利润。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;copyright&nbsp;system&nbsp;grew&nbsp;up&nbsp;with&nbsp;printing---a&nbsp;technology&nbsp;for&nbsp;mass&nbsp;<BR>production&nbsp;copying.&nbsp;Copyright&nbsp;fit&nbsp;in&nbsp;well&nbsp;with&nbsp;this&nbsp;technology&nbsp;because&nbsp;it&nbsp;<BR>restricted&nbsp;only&nbsp;the&nbsp;mass&nbsp;producers&nbsp;of&nbsp;copies.&nbsp;It&nbsp;did&nbsp;not&nbsp;take&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;away&nbsp;<BR>from&nbsp;readers&nbsp;of&nbsp;books.&nbsp;An&nbsp;ordinary&nbsp;reader,&nbsp;who&nbsp;did&nbsp;not&nbsp;own&nbsp;a&nbsp;printing&nbsp;<BR>press,&nbsp;could&nbsp;copy&nbsp;books&nbsp;only&nbsp;with&nbsp;pen&nbsp;and&nbsp;ink,&nbsp;and&nbsp;few&nbsp;readers&nbsp;were&nbsp;sued&nbsp;<BR>for&nbsp;that.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>最早的版权是随着印刷术而出现的。版权制度很适合印刷术，因为其仅限制了大&nbsp;<BR>量的复制。另一方面，它并没有剥夺书籍拥有者对所购书籍的自由。既一个与出&nbsp;<BR>版社毫无关系的普通读者可以用纸和笔把书籍复制下来，实际上也没有人因为这&nbsp;<BR>样做而被起诉过。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Digital&nbsp;technology&nbsp;is&nbsp;more&nbsp;flexible&nbsp;than&nbsp;the&nbsp;printing&nbsp;press:&nbsp;when&nbsp;<BR>information&nbsp;has&nbsp;digital&nbsp;form,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;easily&nbsp;copy&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;share&nbsp;<BR>it&nbsp;with&nbsp;others.&nbsp;This&nbsp;very&nbsp;flexibility&nbsp;makes&nbsp;a&nbsp;bad&nbsp;fit&nbsp;with&nbsp;a&nbsp;system&nbsp;like&nbsp;<BR>copyright.&nbsp;That's&nbsp;the&nbsp;reason&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;increasingly&nbsp;nasty&nbsp;<BR>and&nbsp;draconian&nbsp;measures&nbsp;now&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;enforce&nbsp;software&nbsp;copyright.&nbsp;Consider&nbsp;<BR>these&nbsp;four&nbsp;practices&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Publishers&nbsp;Association&nbsp;(SPA):&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;数字技术据有比印刷术更大的灵活性：当信息以数字形式存在的时侯，人们可以&nbsp;<BR>非常方便的拷贝和分享。这种特性使的它与版权制度显的格格不入。这一点导致&nbsp;<BR>了我们现在所能看到的日益增长在版权实施上的丑事。看一下这些个出版协会的&nbsp;<BR>发：&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Massive&nbsp;propaganda&nbsp;saying&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;wrong&nbsp;to&nbsp;disobey&nbsp;the&nbsp;owners&nbsp;to&nbsp;help&nbsp;<BR>your&nbsp;friend.&nbsp;<BR>大量的宣传声称违反(软件)“拥有者”的意愿去帮助你的朋友是不对的。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Solicitation&nbsp;for&nbsp;stool&nbsp;pigeons&nbsp;to&nbsp;inform&nbsp;on&nbsp;their&nbsp;coworkers&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>colleagues.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Raids&nbsp;(with&nbsp;police&nbsp;help)&nbsp;on&nbsp;offices&nbsp;and&nbsp;schools,&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;people&nbsp;are&nbsp;<BR>told&nbsp;they&nbsp;must&nbsp;prove&nbsp;they&nbsp;are&nbsp;innocent&nbsp;of&nbsp;illegal&nbsp;copying.&nbsp;<BR>侵入办公室和学校，要求人们证明他们没有使用非法使用软件。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prosecution&nbsp;(by&nbsp;the&nbsp;US&nbsp;government,&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;SPA's&nbsp;request)&nbsp;of&nbsp;people&nbsp;<BR>such&nbsp;as&nbsp;MIT's&nbsp;David&nbsp;LaMacchia,&nbsp;not&nbsp;for&nbsp;copying&nbsp;software&nbsp;(he&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;accused&nbsp;<BR>of&nbsp;copying&nbsp;any),&nbsp;but&nbsp;merely&nbsp;for&nbsp;leaving&nbsp;copying&nbsp;facilities&nbsp;unguarded&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>failing&nbsp;to&nbsp;censor&nbsp;their&nbsp;use.&nbsp;<BR>(在出版商协会的要求下，美国政府)起诉如MIT的David&nbsp;LaMacchia这样的人，并非&nbsp;<BR>因为他自己复制软件(他也并不是以该原因被控)，而仅仅因为没有管理好自己的&nbsp;<BR>复制设备和没有及时进行删除。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>All&nbsp;four&nbsp;practices&nbsp;resemble&nbsp;those&nbsp;used&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;former&nbsp;Soviet&nbsp;Union,&nbsp;where&nbsp;<BR>every&nbsp;copying&nbsp;machine&nbsp;had&nbsp;a&nbsp;guard&nbsp;to&nbsp;prevent&nbsp;forbidden&nbsp;copying,&nbsp;and&nbsp;where&nbsp;<BR>individuals&nbsp;had&nbsp;to&nbsp;copy&nbsp;information&nbsp;secretly&nbsp;and&nbsp;pass&nbsp;it&nbsp;from&nbsp;hand&nbsp;to&nbsp;hand&nbsp;<BR>as&nbsp;``samizdat''.&nbsp;There&nbsp;is&nbsp;of&nbsp;course&nbsp;a&nbsp;difference:&nbsp;the&nbsp;motive&nbsp;for&nbsp;<BR>information&nbsp;control&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Soviet&nbsp;Union&nbsp;was&nbsp;political;&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;US&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>motive&nbsp;is&nbsp;profit.&nbsp;But&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;actions&nbsp;that&nbsp;affect&nbsp;us,&nbsp;not&nbsp;the&nbsp;motive.&nbsp;<BR>Any&nbsp;attempt&nbsp;to&nbsp;block&nbsp;the&nbsp;sharing&nbsp;of&nbsp;information,&nbsp;no&nbsp;matter&nbsp;why,&nbsp;leads&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;same&nbsp;methods&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;harshness.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>上述这四种做法完全翻版了在前苏联的做法，在那里每个复印机都有警卫看守以&nbsp;<BR>防止非法复印，其结果是人们不得不私下里交流信息，这被称作“samizdat”。&nbsp;<BR>当然这里是有区别的：前苏联对信息的控制是处于政治的考虑，在美国则是为了&nbsp;<BR>利润。问题是这些行为本身损害到我们，而非其动机。任何阻碍信息交流的企图，&nbsp;<BR>无论处于何种目的，都必将导致同样的方法和其损害性的后果。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Owners&nbsp;make&nbsp;several&nbsp;kinds&nbsp;of&nbsp;arguments&nbsp;for&nbsp;giving&nbsp;them&nbsp;the&nbsp;power&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>control&nbsp;how&nbsp;we&nbsp;use&nbsp;information:&nbsp;<BR>拥有者有各种各样的理由来证明他们有权力控制我们如何使用信息：&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Name&nbsp;calling.&nbsp;<BR>贬低性语言&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Owners&nbsp;use&nbsp;smear&nbsp;words&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;``piracy''&nbsp;and&nbsp;``theft'',&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;<BR>expert&nbsp;terminology&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;``intellectual&nbsp;property''&nbsp;and&nbsp;``damage'',&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>suggest&nbsp;a&nbsp;certain&nbsp;line&nbsp;of&nbsp;thinking&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;public---a&nbsp;simplistic&nbsp;analogy&nbsp;<BR>between&nbsp;programs&nbsp;and&nbsp;physical&nbsp;objects.&nbsp;<BR>拥有者使用各种具有贬低性的词语，如“盗版“，”偷窃“，还有同类但比较专业&nbsp;<BR>的如”知识财产“，”损害“，来引导公众的舆论，其原理是简单的将程序和普通&nbsp;<BR>物体进行了类比。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our&nbsp;ideas&nbsp;and&nbsp;intuitions&nbsp;about&nbsp;property&nbsp;for&nbsp;material&nbsp;objects&nbsp;are&nbsp;about&nbsp;<BR>whether&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;right&nbsp;to&nbsp;take&nbsp;an&nbsp;object&nbsp;away&nbsp;from&nbsp;someone&nbsp;else.&nbsp;They&nbsp;don't&nbsp;<BR>directly&nbsp;apply&nbsp;to&nbsp;making&nbsp;a&nbsp;copy&nbsp;of&nbsp;something.&nbsp;But&nbsp;the&nbsp;owners&nbsp;ask&nbsp;us&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>apply&nbsp;them&nbsp;anyway.&nbsp;<BR>我们直观概念中的“财物”，或者说“实物”是从它们是否能被从一个人那里夺走&nbsp;<BR>而判断的。这并不直接适用于某种东西的复制。不管我们怎么想，那些所谓“拥有&nbsp;<BR>者”们非要用这样的逻辑。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exaggeration.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;夸大其辞&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Owners&nbsp;say&nbsp;that&nbsp;they&nbsp;suffer&nbsp;``harm''&nbsp;or&nbsp;``economic&nbsp;loss''&nbsp;when&nbsp;users&nbsp;<BR>copy&nbsp;programs&nbsp;themselves.&nbsp;But&nbsp;the&nbsp;copying&nbsp;has&nbsp;no&nbsp;direct&nbsp;effect&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
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