00000031.htm

一份很好的linux入门资料

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/compat/linux/etc&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;system&nbsp;config&nbsp;file,&nbsp;and&nbsp;then&nbsp;fall&nbsp;back&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/etc.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Distributions&nbsp;and&nbsp;Emulation&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At&nbsp;the&nbsp;moment,&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;mode&nbsp;is&nbsp;based&nbsp;on&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;5.2.&nbsp;(RedHat&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.0&nbsp;emulation&nbsp;is&nbsp;in&nbsp;-current,&nbsp;and&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;backported&nbsp;to&nbsp;-stable&nbsp;by&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;time&nbsp;you&nbsp;read&nbsp;this.)&nbsp;This&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;mean&nbsp;that&nbsp;you&nbsp;can't&nbsp;use&nbsp;software&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;designed&nbsp;for&nbsp;other&nbsp;distributions,&nbsp;however.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Using&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;simply&nbsp;indicates&nbsp;the&nbsp;level&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;and&nbsp;userland&nbsp;library&nbsp;support&nbsp;available&nbsp;in&nbsp;your&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;system.&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;5.2&nbsp;uses&nbsp;libc5,&nbsp;glibc2,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;2.0.36.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;RedHat&nbsp;6.0&nbsp;uses&nbsp;glibc2.1&nbsp;and&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;2.2.5.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;will&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;run&nbsp;under&nbsp;these&nbsp;libraries,&nbsp;and&nbsp;this&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;will&nbsp;work&nbsp;in&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;mode.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Running&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Apps&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;the&nbsp;linux_base&nbsp;port&nbsp;installed,&nbsp;and&nbsp;kldstat&nbsp;-v&nbsp;shows&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;module&nbsp;is&nbsp;running,&nbsp;just&nbsp;run&nbsp;your&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;program&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;command&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prompt.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adding&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Libraries&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;install&nbsp;routines&nbsp;and&nbsp;ports&nbsp;system&nbsp;take&nbsp;care&nbsp;of&nbsp;almost&nbsp;all&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;ugly&nbsp;details&nbsp;of&nbsp;configuring&nbsp;shared&nbsp;libraries,&nbsp;insulating&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;administrator&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;majority&nbsp;of&nbsp;these&nbsp;issues.&nbsp;This&nbsp;system&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cover&nbsp;software&nbsp;from&nbsp;other&nbsp;operating&nbsp;systems&nbsp;running&nbsp;under&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;modules.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;systems&nbsp;tend&nbsp;to&nbsp;accumulate&nbsp;shared&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;like&nbsp;pocket&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lint.&nbsp;Eventually,&nbsp;you'll&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;add&nbsp;additional&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;shared&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;system.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;emulator&nbsp;has&nbsp;its&nbsp;own&nbsp;ldconfig,&nbsp;/compat/linux/sbin/ldconfig,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;its&nbsp;own&nbsp;ld.so.conf&nbsp;file,&nbsp;/compat/linux/etc/ld.so.conf.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;look&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at&nbsp;this&nbsp;file,&nbsp;you'll&nbsp;see:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
#more&nbsp;ld.so.conf&nbsp;<BR>
/usr/X11R6/lib&nbsp;<BR>
/usr/i486-linux-libc5/lib&nbsp;<BR>
#&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These&nbsp;are&nbsp;the&nbsp;directories&nbsp;where&nbsp;the&nbsp;module&nbsp;will&nbsp;look&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;libraries,&nbsp;in&nbsp;addition&nbsp;to&nbsp;/lib&nbsp;and&nbsp;/usr/lib.&nbsp;Despite&nbsp;the&nbsp;initial&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;slash,&nbsp;these&nbsp;directory&nbsp;names&nbsp;are&nbsp;all&nbsp;under&nbsp;/compat/linux.&nbsp;I&nbsp;recommend&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;installing&nbsp;additional&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;under&nbsp;/compat/linux/usr/local/lib.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Edit&nbsp;/compat/linux/etc/ldconfig.conf&nbsp;to&nbsp;add&nbsp;this&nbsp;path.&nbsp;When&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;large&nbsp;programs&nbsp;that&nbsp;include&nbsp;many&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;of&nbsp;their&nbsp;own,&nbsp;you&nbsp;might&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wish&nbsp;to&nbsp;create&nbsp;new&nbsp;directories&nbsp;for&nbsp;those&nbsp;shared&nbsp;libraries.&nbsp;My&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/compat/linux/etc/ld.so.conf&nbsp;looks&nbsp;like:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
#more&nbsp;ld.so.conf&nbsp;<BR>
/usr/local/lib&nbsp;<BR>
/usr/local/lib/soffice&nbsp;<BR>
/usr/X11R6/lib&nbsp;<BR>
/usr/i486-linux-libc5/lib&nbsp;<BR>
/usr/openwin/lib&nbsp;<BR>
#&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whenever&nbsp;you&nbsp;add&nbsp;new&nbsp;libraries,&nbsp;rerun&nbsp;/compat/linux/sbin/ldconfig.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;rereads&nbsp;the&nbsp;directories&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;configuration&nbsp;file&nbsp;and&nbsp;updates&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;list&nbsp;of&nbsp;available&nbsp;libraries.&nbsp;Be&nbsp;sure&nbsp;you&nbsp;run&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/compat/linux/sbin/ldconfig,&nbsp;and&nbsp;not&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;/sbin/ldconfig.&nbsp;Not&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only&nbsp;will&nbsp;the&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;ldconfig&nbsp;not&nbsp;accomplish&nbsp;what&nbsp;you&nbsp;want,&nbsp;you'll&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;find&nbsp;yourself&nbsp;either&nbsp;digging&nbsp;through&nbsp;/etc/rc.*&nbsp;scripts&nbsp;to&nbsp;learn&nbsp;how&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;properly&nbsp;reconfigure&nbsp;your&nbsp;shared&nbsp;library&nbsp;cache&nbsp;or&nbsp;simply&nbsp;rebooting&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annoyance.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When&nbsp;a&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;program&nbsp;fails&nbsp;because&nbsp;it&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;find&nbsp;a&nbsp;library,&nbsp;check&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be&nbsp;sure&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;the&nbsp;library.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;don't&nbsp;have&nbsp;it,&nbsp;call&nbsp;up&nbsp;your&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;favorite&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;search&nbsp;engine&nbsp;and&nbsp;fetch&nbsp;a&nbsp;copy.&nbsp;Install&nbsp;it&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/compat/linux/usr/local/lib,&nbsp;run&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;ldconfig,&nbsp;and&nbsp;you'll&nbsp;be&nbsp;up&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;running.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Alternately,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;use&nbsp;the&nbsp;environment&nbsp;variable&nbsp;LD_LIBRARY_PATH&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tell&nbsp;a&nbsp;shell&nbsp;to&nbsp;check&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;directory&nbsp;for&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;(see&nbsp;man&nbsp;8&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ldconfig).&nbsp;Many&nbsp;problems&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;caused&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;indiscriminate&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LD_LIBRARY_PATH,&nbsp;however,&nbsp;so&nbsp;you're&nbsp;better&nbsp;off&nbsp;editing&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/usr/compat/linux/etc/ld.so.conf.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Software&nbsp;as&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;Ports&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;software&nbsp;packages&nbsp;are&nbsp;available&nbsp;via&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;ports&nbsp;system.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One&nbsp;well-known&nbsp;example&nbsp;is&nbsp;WordPerfect&nbsp;8.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;become&nbsp;root,&nbsp;cd&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/usr/ports/editors/wordperfect,&nbsp;and&nbsp;type&nbsp;make,&nbsp;you&nbsp;will&nbsp;get:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
#make&nbsp;<BR>
===&gt;&nbsp;wordperfect-8.0&nbsp;'The&nbsp;source&nbsp;to&nbsp;this&nbsp;<BR>
port&nbsp;may&nbsp;not&nbsp;be&nbsp;automatically&nbsp;fetched&nbsp;due&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;licensing&nbsp;restrictions.&nbsp;&nbsp;You&nbsp;MUST&nbsp;fetch&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;source&nbsp;manually&nbsp;after&nbsp;reading&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
agreeing&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;license&nbsp;at:&nbsp;<BR>
<A HREF="http://linux.corel.com/linux8/download.htm">http://linux.corel.com/linux8/download.htm</A>&nbsp;<BR>
Once&nbsp;GUILG00.GZ&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;downloaded,&nbsp;move&nbsp;<BR>
it&nbsp;to&nbsp;/usr/ports/distfiles&nbsp;and&nbsp;then&nbsp;restart&nbsp;<BR>
this&nbsp;build.'.&nbsp;<BR>
#&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In&nbsp;this&nbsp;case,&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;automatic&nbsp;fetch&nbsp;mechanism&nbsp;won't&nbsp;work&nbsp;-&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WordPerfect's&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;terms&nbsp;require&nbsp;the&nbsp;user&nbsp;to&nbsp;agree&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;license&nbsp;before&nbsp;downloading.&nbsp;Go&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;Web&nbsp;page,&nbsp;accept&nbsp;their&nbsp;terms,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;download&nbsp;WordPerfect.&nbsp;Install&nbsp;the&nbsp;file&nbsp;in&nbsp;/usr/ports/distfiles,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return&nbsp;to&nbsp;/usr/ports/editors/wordperfect,&nbsp;and&nbsp;type&nbsp;make.&nbsp;The&nbsp;port&nbsp;will&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;automatically&nbsp;install&nbsp;WordPerfect&nbsp;for&nbsp;you.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Packages&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;tools&nbsp;linux_base&nbsp;installs&nbsp;is&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat's&nbsp;RPM.&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;use&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this&nbsp;to&nbsp;install&nbsp;RPMs&nbsp;on&nbsp;your&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;machine.&nbsp;When&nbsp;using&nbsp;RPMs,&nbsp;you&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will&nbsp;want&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;certain&nbsp;to&nbsp;install&nbsp;the&nbsp;software&nbsp;under&nbsp;/compat/linux.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because&nbsp;of&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;monolithic&nbsp;upgrade&nbsp;procedure&nbsp;(see&nbsp;my&nbsp;article&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;Maintaining&nbsp;Patch&nbsp;Levels&nbsp;in&nbsp;Open-Source&nbsp;BSDs,&nbsp;Sys&nbsp;Admin,&nbsp;September&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1999),&nbsp;any&nbsp;RPM&nbsp;components&nbsp;that&nbsp;overwrite&nbsp;system&nbsp;components&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;blown&nbsp;away&nbsp;the&nbsp;next&nbsp;time&nbsp;you&nbsp;upgrade.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;overwrite&nbsp;the&nbsp;wrong&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;files,&nbsp;your&nbsp;system&nbsp;might&nbsp;even&nbsp;become&nbsp;unbootable.&nbsp;To&nbsp;install&nbsp;an&nbsp;RPM,&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
rpm&nbsp;-i&nbsp;-ignoreos&nbsp;-dbpath&nbsp;/var/lib/rpm&nbsp;-root&nbsp;\&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;/compat/linux&nbsp;[package]&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Add&nbsp;other&nbsp;RPM&nbsp;flags&nbsp;as&nbsp;desired.&nbsp;Of&nbsp;course,&nbsp;RPM&nbsp;packages&nbsp;are&nbsp;completely&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;separate&nbsp;from&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;usual&nbsp;package&nbsp;system.&nbsp;Do&nbsp;not&nbsp;expect&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to&nbsp;pkg_delete&nbsp;these;&nbsp;you&nbsp;will&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;rpm&nbsp;to&nbsp;handle&nbsp;them.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be&nbsp;very&nbsp;careful&nbsp;in&nbsp;your&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;RPM;&nbsp;if&nbsp;you&nbsp;accidentally&nbsp;overwrite&nbsp;part&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of&nbsp;your&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;installation&nbsp;with&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;binaries,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;expect&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>