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📁 一份很好的linux入门资料
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<HTML><HEAD>  <TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;linuxrat&nbsp;(叫我老鼠错不了),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;under&nbsp;FreeBSD[Forward]&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Mon&nbsp;Jan&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;15:07:35&nbsp;2000)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;Original&nbsp;URL:&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.samag.com/linux/articles/v09/i01/a1.shtml">http://www.samag.com/linux/articles/v09/i01/a1.shtml</A>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;===============Begin============================&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;under&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Michael&nbsp;Lucas&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;_________________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lucas&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;has&nbsp;several&nbsp;options&nbsp;for&nbsp;using&nbsp;software&nbsp;from&nbsp;other&nbsp;platforms,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;Wine&nbsp;for&nbsp;Win32&nbsp;and&nbsp;dosemu&nbsp;for&nbsp;DOS.&nbsp;BSDI,&nbsp;NetBSD,&nbsp;and&nbsp;OpenBSD&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;binaries&nbsp;will&nbsp;run&nbsp;unmodified,&nbsp;and&nbsp;source&nbsp;code&nbsp;from&nbsp;many&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;or&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;programs&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;compiled&nbsp;without&nbsp;modification&nbsp;on&nbsp;FreeBSD.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;includes&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;modules&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;SCO,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SVR4.&nbsp;These&nbsp;modules&nbsp;allow&nbsp;you&nbsp;to&nbsp;run&nbsp;unmodified&nbsp;binaries&nbsp;for&nbsp;these&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;platforms&nbsp;on&nbsp;your&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;machine.&nbsp;FreeBSD's&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;module&nbsp;works&nbsp;well&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enough&nbsp;that&nbsp;several&nbsp;commercial&nbsp;software&nbsp;packages&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;included&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;ports&nbsp;system.&nbsp;Similarly,&nbsp;this&nbsp;article&nbsp;was&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;written&nbsp;on&nbsp;Sun&nbsp;StarOffice&nbsp;5.1&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;on&nbsp;my&nbsp;FreeBSD-current&nbsp;box.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because&nbsp;the&nbsp;last&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;RealVideo&nbsp;for&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;is&nbsp;version&nbsp;3.0,&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;run&nbsp;RealVideo&nbsp;5.0&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;3.3-stable&nbsp;or&nbsp;higher,&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;mode&nbsp;has&nbsp;two&nbsp;components:&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;system&nbsp;call&nbsp;module,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;runtime&nbsp;environment.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Kernel&nbsp;Module&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;kernel-loadable&nbsp;module,&nbsp;or&nbsp;KLM,&nbsp;supports&nbsp;Linux-specific&nbsp;system&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calls.&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;determine&nbsp;whether&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;KLM&nbsp;is&nbsp;loaded&nbsp;on&nbsp;your&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;system&nbsp;by&nbsp;using:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>#kldstat&nbsp;-v&nbsp;|&nbsp;grep&nbsp;linux&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;0xc08dc000&nbsp;e000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;linux.ko&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;linuxelf&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;linuxaout&nbsp;<BR>#&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(kldstat&nbsp;-v&nbsp;provides&nbsp;other&nbsp;useful&nbsp;information&nbsp;about&nbsp;your&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is&nbsp;generally&nbsp;informative&nbsp;on&nbsp;any&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;system.)&nbsp;If&nbsp;the&nbsp;module&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;loaded,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;load&nbsp;it&nbsp;by&nbsp;becoming&nbsp;root&nbsp;and&nbsp;typing:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>#&nbsp;linux&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;make&nbsp;this&nbsp;automatic&nbsp;at&nbsp;boot&nbsp;by&nbsp;setting&nbsp;linux_enable=&quot;YES&quot;&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/etc/rc.conf.&nbsp;Strictly&nbsp;speaking,&nbsp;you&nbsp;don't&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;compile&nbsp;a&nbsp;custom&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;to&nbsp;support&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;module.&nbsp;You'll&nbsp;be&nbsp;more&nbsp;satisfied&nbsp;with&nbsp;your&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;results,&nbsp;however,&nbsp;if&nbsp;your&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;includes&nbsp;the&nbsp;following&nbsp;options:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>options&nbsp;&quot;P1003_1B&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#POSIX&nbsp;infrastructure&nbsp;<BR>options&nbsp;&quot;_KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING&quot;&nbsp;#Built-in&nbsp;POSIX&nbsp;priority&nbsp;scheduling&nbsp;<BR>options&nbsp;&quot;_KPOSIX_VERSION=199309L&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#POSIX&nbsp;version&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;is&nbsp;built&nbsp;for&nbsp;<BR>options&nbsp;SYSVSHM&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#System&nbsp;V&nbsp;shared&nbsp;memory&nbsp;<BR>options&nbsp;SYSVMSG&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#System&nbsp;V&nbsp;semaphores&nbsp;<BR>options&nbsp;SYSVSEM&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#System&nbsp;V&nbsp;messaging&nbsp;<BR>options&nbsp;USER_LDT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#allow&nbsp;user-level&nbsp;control&nbsp;of&nbsp;i386&nbsp;ldt&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;full&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;on&nbsp;building&nbsp;a&nbsp;custom&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;check:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR><A HREF="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/handbook50.html">http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/handbook50.html</A>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;the&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;docs&nbsp;installed&nbsp;on&nbsp;your&nbsp;local&nbsp;system,&nbsp;see:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>/usr/share/doc/handbook/handbook50.html&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;emulator&nbsp;does&nbsp;have&nbsp;a&nbsp;small&nbsp;overhead,&nbsp;but&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;negligible.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;you're&nbsp;interested&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;details&nbsp;and&nbsp;don't&nbsp;feel&nbsp;like&nbsp;reading&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;source&nbsp;code,&nbsp;search&nbsp;for&nbsp;&quot;overhead&quot;&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;freebsd-emulation&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;list&nbsp;archives&nbsp;(<A HREF="http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/).">http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/).</A>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Runtime&nbsp;Environment&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dynamically&nbsp;linked&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;binaries&nbsp;expect&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;certain&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;available.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;variety&nbsp;of&nbsp;library&nbsp;sets,&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;libc4,&nbsp;libc5,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;glibc2.&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;some&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;programs&nbsp;expect&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;particular&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;userland&nbsp;programs&nbsp;available&nbsp;(sh,&nbsp;test,&nbsp;etc.)&nbsp;Because&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;uses&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;codebase&nbsp;as&nbsp;original&nbsp;UNIX,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;was&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;written&nbsp;from&nbsp;scratch,&nbsp;these&nbsp;may&nbsp;not&nbsp;be&nbsp;100%&nbsp;compatible.&nbsp;A&nbsp;selection&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;userland&nbsp;utilities&nbsp;can&nbsp;also&nbsp;be&nbsp;helpful,&nbsp;especially&nbsp;when&nbsp;dealing&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with&nbsp;closed-source&nbsp;commercial&nbsp;software&nbsp;products.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;dynamic&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;and&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;userland&nbsp;utilities&nbsp;are&nbsp;available&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;port.&nbsp;Look&nbsp;under&nbsp;/usr/ports/emulators/linux_base&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;latest&nbsp;stable&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;version.&nbsp;Install&nbsp;these&nbsp;as&nbsp;you&nbsp;would&nbsp;any&nbsp;other&nbsp;port:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>#cd&nbsp;/usr/ports/emulators/linux_base&nbsp;<BR>#make&nbsp;install&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;port&nbsp;installs&nbsp;a&nbsp;subset&nbsp;of&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;Linux's&nbsp;userland&nbsp;under&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/compat/linux.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;original&nbsp;source&nbsp;files&nbsp;(or&nbsp;&quot;distfiles&quot;,&nbsp;in&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;parlance)&nbsp;are&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite&nbsp;large.&nbsp;You&nbsp;will&nbsp;probably&nbsp;want&nbsp;to&nbsp;load&nbsp;these&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;CD,&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;CD,&nbsp;or&nbsp;from&nbsp;behind&nbsp;a&nbsp;large&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;circuit.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you're&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;downloading&nbsp;over&nbsp;a&nbsp;56&nbsp;Kb&nbsp;modem,&nbsp;I'd&nbsp;recommend&nbsp;doing&nbsp;this&nbsp;when&nbsp;you&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don't&nbsp;plan&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;your&nbsp;'Net&nbsp;connection&nbsp;for&nbsp;several&nbsp;hours.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;linux_base&nbsp;port&nbsp;installs&nbsp;everything&nbsp;under&nbsp;/compat/linux.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you're&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;curious,&nbsp;do&nbsp;an&nbsp;ls:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>#ls&nbsp;<BR>bin&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;etc&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lib&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mnt&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;proc&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sbin&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;usr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;var&nbsp;<BR>#&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;looks&nbsp;suspiciously&nbsp;like&nbsp;a&nbsp;subset&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;root&nbsp;directory.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/compat/linux&nbsp;contains&nbsp;resources&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;binaries&nbsp;that&nbsp;expect&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;find&nbsp;different&nbsp;resources&nbsp;than&nbsp;those&nbsp;available&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;machine.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;While&nbsp;it's&nbsp;not&nbsp;chrooted,&nbsp;it's&nbsp;built&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;similar&nbsp;manner.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;machine&nbsp;the&nbsp;file&nbsp;/etc/nsswitch.conf&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vital&nbsp;configuration&nbsp;information.&nbsp;FreeBSD&nbsp;keeps&nbsp;that&nbsp;information&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elsewhere.&nbsp;Any&nbsp;program&nbsp;run&nbsp;under&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;mode&nbsp;will&nbsp;check&nbsp;<BR>
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