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📁 一份很好的linux入门资料
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<TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;reden&nbsp;(On&nbsp;the&nbsp;way!),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;The&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;is&nbsp;dead&nbsp;-&nbsp;Long&nbsp;live&nbsp;the&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Mon&nbsp;Mar&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;21:40:43&nbsp;1999)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Editorial:&nbsp;The&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;is&nbsp;dead&nbsp;-&nbsp;Long&nbsp;live&nbsp;the&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Jim&nbsp;Pick&nbsp;-&nbsp;August&nbsp;15th&nbsp;1998,&nbsp;11:54&nbsp;EST&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Jim&nbsp;Pick&nbsp;originally&nbsp;intended&nbsp;to&nbsp;delve&nbsp;into&nbsp;some&nbsp;technical&nbsp;details&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;differences&nbsp;between&nbsp;Debian&nbsp;and&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;and&nbsp;what&nbsp;obstacles&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;lay&nbsp;in&nbsp;store&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;team.&nbsp;Due&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;obscure&nbsp;activity&nbsp;that&nbsp;took&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;place&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;list&nbsp;(including&nbsp;Bruce&nbsp;Perens&nbsp;leaving&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;project),&nbsp;he&nbsp;changed&nbsp;his&nbsp;editorial&nbsp;to&nbsp;reflect&nbsp;the&nbsp;pros/cons&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;diversity&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;space&nbsp;and&nbsp;what&nbsp;benefits&nbsp;there&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;would&nbsp;be&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;a&nbsp;LSB/LCS-style&nbsp;project.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;is&nbsp;dead!&nbsp;Long&nbsp;live&nbsp;the&nbsp;LSB!&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;signed&nbsp;up&nbsp;to&nbsp;write&nbsp;an&nbsp;editorial&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;LSB.&nbsp;Unfortunately,&nbsp;I&nbsp;picked&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;this&nbsp;week&nbsp;to&nbsp;do&nbsp;it.&nbsp;Oh&nbsp;joy.&nbsp;:-)&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;was&nbsp;originally&nbsp;going&nbsp;to&nbsp;delve&nbsp;into&nbsp;some&nbsp;technical&nbsp;details&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;differences&nbsp;between&nbsp;Debian&nbsp;and&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;(both&nbsp;of&nbsp;which&nbsp;I&nbsp;am&nbsp;somewhat&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;familiar&nbsp;with),&nbsp;and&nbsp;what&nbsp;obstacles&nbsp;lay&nbsp;in&nbsp;store&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;LSB&nbsp;team.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;But&nbsp;the&nbsp;political&nbsp;shenanigans&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;week&nbsp;have&nbsp;convinced&nbsp;me&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;change&nbsp;my&nbsp;editorial&nbsp;to&nbsp;reflect&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;pros/cons&nbsp;of&nbsp;diversity&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;space,&nbsp;and&nbsp;what&nbsp;benefits&nbsp;there&nbsp;would&nbsp;be&nbsp;to&nbsp;having&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;a&nbsp;LSB/LCS-style&nbsp;project.&nbsp;I'll&nbsp;try&nbsp;to&nbsp;dish&nbsp;out&nbsp;some&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;dirt&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;current&nbsp;situation&nbsp;(as&nbsp;I&nbsp;understand&nbsp;it)&nbsp;as&nbsp;well.&nbsp;:-)&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;apologize&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;length&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;essay.&nbsp;I'm&nbsp;not&nbsp;very&nbsp;adept&nbsp;at&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;compressing&nbsp;my&nbsp;arguments.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;First,&nbsp;I'll&nbsp;clear&nbsp;up&nbsp;some&nbsp;information&nbsp;about&nbsp;myself.&nbsp;I'm&nbsp;a&nbsp;28&nbsp;year&nbsp;old&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;programmer&nbsp;/&nbsp;electrical&nbsp;engineer&nbsp;who&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;using&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;since&nbsp;1995.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;first&nbsp;started&nbsp;with&nbsp;Slackware,&nbsp;and&nbsp;then&nbsp;moved&nbsp;to&nbsp;Debian&nbsp;when&nbsp;the&nbsp;1.1&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;release&nbsp;came&nbsp;out&nbsp;in&nbsp;mid-1996.&nbsp;That&nbsp;same&nbsp;year,&nbsp;I&nbsp;became&nbsp;a&nbsp;Debian&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;developer&nbsp;--&nbsp;so&nbsp;I've&nbsp;had&nbsp;about&nbsp;2&nbsp;years&nbsp;exposure&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;inside&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;dealings&nbsp;involved&nbsp;in&nbsp;building&nbsp;a&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;(Debian&nbsp;is&nbsp;5&nbsp;years&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;old&nbsp;this&nbsp;weekend).&nbsp;I'm&nbsp;also&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;webmaster&nbsp;for&nbsp;LinuxHQ,&nbsp;which&nbsp;I&nbsp;am&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;(very)&nbsp;slowly&nbsp;rebuilding.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Benefits&nbsp;of&nbsp;Diversity&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Why&nbsp;are&nbsp;there&nbsp;so&nbsp;many&nbsp;different&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;distributions?&nbsp;Because,&nbsp;&quot;that's&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;way&nbsp;Linus&nbsp;wants&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;When&nbsp;he&nbsp;wrote&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;his&nbsp;goal&nbsp;could&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;to&nbsp;put&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;together&nbsp;a&nbsp;complete&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;-&nbsp;much&nbsp;like&nbsp;what&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;many&nbsp;other&nbsp;free&nbsp;OS's&nbsp;(FreeBSD,&nbsp;NetBSD,&nbsp;OpenBSD)&nbsp;have&nbsp;chosen&nbsp;to&nbsp;do.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;But&nbsp;as&nbsp;his&nbsp;interests&nbsp;lay&nbsp;primarily&nbsp;in&nbsp;hacking&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;he&nbsp;wisely&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;left&nbsp;the&nbsp;politics&nbsp;of&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;building&nbsp;to&nbsp;others.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;As&nbsp;a&nbsp;result,&nbsp;there&nbsp;are&nbsp;many&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;distributions&nbsp;floating&nbsp;around&nbsp;out&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;there.&nbsp;Each&nbsp;is&nbsp;different,&nbsp;some&nbsp;dramatically&nbsp;so.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;good,&nbsp;because&nbsp;they&nbsp;all&nbsp;can&nbsp;compete&nbsp;against&nbsp;each&nbsp;other.&nbsp;Think&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Darwin.&nbsp;Each&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;is&nbsp;evolving.&nbsp;The&nbsp;mature&nbsp;distributions&nbsp;(Red&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Hat,&nbsp;Debian,&nbsp;SuSE,&nbsp;Slackware,&nbsp;Caldera)&nbsp;have&nbsp;evolved&nbsp;to&nbsp;fit&nbsp;certain&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;ecological&nbsp;niches.&nbsp;New&nbsp;distributions&nbsp;(ie.&nbsp;Stampede,&nbsp;Eonova,&nbsp;Mandrake)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;are&nbsp;born&nbsp;almost&nbsp;monthly.&nbsp;There&nbsp;are&nbsp;already&nbsp;many&nbsp;distributions&nbsp;that&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;failed&nbsp;the&nbsp;&quot;survival&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;fittest&quot;&nbsp;contest&nbsp;and&nbsp;have&nbsp;become&nbsp;extinct&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;or&nbsp;morphed&nbsp;into&nbsp;something&nbsp;else&nbsp;(ie.&nbsp;SLS,&nbsp;Bogus,&nbsp;Lasermoon,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>cial&nbsp;applications&nbsp;by&nbsp;agreeing&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;common&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;filesystem&nbsp;hierarchy&nbsp;(ie.&nbsp;the&nbsp;FSSTND/FHS)&nbsp;and&nbsp;collaborating&nbsp;on&nbsp;naming&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;(ie.&nbsp;sonames).&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Determining&nbsp;policy&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;this&nbsp;is,&nbsp;well,&nbsp;political.&nbsp;Oftentimes,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;there&nbsp;is&nbsp;no&nbsp;single&nbsp;technical&nbsp;solution.&nbsp;What&nbsp;emerges&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;compromise&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;based&nbsp;on&nbsp;negotiation.&nbsp;If&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;distributions&nbsp;used&nbsp;identical&nbsp;policy&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;for&nbsp;everything,&nbsp;there&nbsp;would&nbsp;be&nbsp;no&nbsp;differences&nbsp;between&nbsp;them,&nbsp;and&nbsp;no&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;diversity.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Some&nbsp;common&nbsp;policy&nbsp;would&nbsp;still&nbsp;be&nbsp;very&nbsp;nice&nbsp;to&nbsp;have.&nbsp;Anybody&nbsp;who&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;developing&nbsp;a&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;already&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;policies&nbsp;in&nbsp;place.&nbsp;In&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;case&nbsp;of&nbsp;Debian,&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;bunch&nbsp;of&nbsp;volunteers&nbsp;distributed&nbsp;around&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;globe,&nbsp;this&nbsp;policy&nbsp;is&nbsp;written&nbsp;up&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;formal&nbsp;policy&nbsp;document.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Debian&nbsp;even&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;tool&nbsp;called&nbsp;&quot;lintian&quot;&nbsp;that&nbsp;will&nbsp;analyze&nbsp;packages&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;point&nbsp;out&nbsp;hundreds&nbsp;of&nbsp;places&nbsp;where&nbsp;they&nbsp;violate&nbsp;policy.&nbsp;And&nbsp;it&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;bug&nbsp;system&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;policy&nbsp;violations&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;tracked.&nbsp;The&nbsp;end&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;result&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;very&nbsp;consistent,&nbsp;high-quality&nbsp;distribution.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Other&nbsp;distributions,&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat,&nbsp;Caldera&nbsp;or&nbsp;SuSE,&nbsp;have&nbsp;similar&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;internal&nbsp;policies&nbsp;that&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;informally&nbsp;developed,&nbsp;but&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;aren't&nbsp;written&nbsp;up&nbsp;anywhere.&nbsp;This&nbsp;works&nbsp;for&nbsp;them,&nbsp;because&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;developers&nbsp;physically&nbsp;work&nbsp;together,&nbsp;and&nbsp;can&nbsp;talk&nbsp;shop&nbsp;over&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;water-cooler.&nbsp;One&nbsp;problem&nbsp;with&nbsp;this&nbsp;approach&nbsp;is&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;&quot;contrib&quot;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;maintainers&nbsp;from&nbsp;outside&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;company&nbsp;have&nbsp;no&nbsp;idea&nbsp;what&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;policies&nbsp;are,&nbsp;so&nbsp;they&nbsp;make&nbsp;mistakes.&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;is&nbsp;taking&nbsp;some&nbsp;steps&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;move&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;Debian-style&nbsp;system&nbsp;for&nbsp;&quot;contrib&quot;&nbsp;developers&nbsp;with&nbsp;their&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Contrib|Net&nbsp;system&nbsp;(see&nbsp;developer.redhat.com).&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;In&nbsp;conclusion,&nbsp;I&nbsp;do&nbsp;believe&nbsp;there&nbsp;is&nbsp;some&nbsp;benefit&nbsp;to&nbsp;having&nbsp;some&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;common&nbsp;policy:&nbsp;increased&nbsp;source&nbsp;and&nbsp;binary&nbsp;compatibility&nbsp;(although&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;perfect&nbsp;binary&nbsp;compatibility&nbsp;isn't&nbsp;really&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;or&nbsp;needed),&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;existence&nbsp;of&nbsp;some&nbsp;formal&nbsp;policy&nbsp;documents&nbsp;for&nbsp;&quot;contrib&quot;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;developers&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;(leading&nbsp;to&nbsp;higher&nbsp;quality&nbsp;contrib&nbsp;packages).&nbsp;It&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;would&nbsp;be&nbsp;a&nbsp;good&nbsp;community-building&nbsp;exercise&nbsp;as&nbsp;well,&nbsp;as&nbsp;long&nbsp;as&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;handled&nbsp;with&nbsp;some&nbsp;political&nbsp;tact.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Jim&nbsp;Pick&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>--&nbsp;<BR>在江湖中，只要拿起了刀，就是一场无涯的梦。&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>※&nbsp;来源:·BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM:&nbsp;159.226.21.168]&nbsp;<BR><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER></BODY></HTML>
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