00000003.htm

一份很好的linux入门资料

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;I&nbsp;get&nbsp;donations&nbsp;of&nbsp;money,&nbsp;I&nbsp;may&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;hire&nbsp;a&nbsp;few&nbsp;people&nbsp;full&nbsp;<BR>
or&nbsp;part&nbsp;time.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;salary&nbsp;won't&nbsp;be&nbsp;high&nbsp;by&nbsp;programmers'&nbsp;standards,&nbsp;but&nbsp;<BR>
I'm&nbsp;looking&nbsp;for&nbsp;people&nbsp;for&nbsp;whom&nbsp;building&nbsp;community&nbsp;spirit&nbsp;is&nbsp;as&nbsp;<BR>
important&nbsp;as&nbsp;making&nbsp;money.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;view&nbsp;this&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;way&nbsp;of&nbsp;enabling&nbsp;dedicated&nbsp;<BR>
people&nbsp;to&nbsp;devote&nbsp;their&nbsp;full&nbsp;energies&nbsp;to&nbsp;working&nbsp;on&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;by&nbsp;sparing&nbsp;them&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;a&nbsp;living&nbsp;in&nbsp;another&nbsp;way.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如果有人贡献金钱，那麽我就能够请几个全职或临时的人。以程式师的标准&nbsp;<BR>
来说，这薪水不是很高，但是我要找的是那些认为建立团队精神和赚钱一样重要&nbsp;<BR>
的人。我认为提供奉献的人另一种维持生计的方式，是使他们能够全心全力投入&nbsp;<BR>
GNU&nbsp;工作的一种方法。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Why&nbsp;All&nbsp;Computer&nbsp;Users&nbsp;Will&nbsp;Benefit&nbsp;<BR>
===================================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
为什麽所有的电脑使用者都会受益&nbsp;<BR>
==============================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Once&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;is&nbsp;written,&nbsp;everyone&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;obtain&nbsp;good&nbsp;system&nbsp;<BR>
software&nbsp;free,&nbsp;just&nbsp;like&nbsp;air.(2)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;只要&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;一写好，每个人都能够自由的取得优良的系统软体，就像空气一样。(2)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;means&nbsp;much&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;just&nbsp;saving&nbsp;everyone&nbsp;the&nbsp;price&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>
license.&nbsp;&nbsp;It&nbsp;means&nbsp;that&nbsp;much&nbsp;wasteful&nbsp;duplication&nbsp;of&nbsp;system&nbsp;programming&nbsp;<BR>
effort&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;avoided.&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;effort&nbsp;can&nbsp;go&nbsp;instead&nbsp;into&nbsp;advancing&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
state&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;art.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这不只是仅仅省下大家一笔&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;的版权费而已。这更意味著大家可以避免白白&nbsp;<BR>
浪费掉重复设计系统的工作。这省下来的力气可以转而投入现有科技水准的提升。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Complete&nbsp;system&nbsp;sources&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;available&nbsp;to&nbsp;everyone.&nbsp;&nbsp;As&nbsp;a&nbsp;result,&nbsp;<BR>
a&nbsp;user&nbsp;who&nbsp;needs&nbsp;changes&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;will&nbsp;always&nbsp;be&nbsp;free&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;them&nbsp;<BR>
himself,&nbsp;or&nbsp;hire&nbsp;any&nbsp;available&nbsp;programmer&nbsp;or&nbsp;company&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;them&nbsp;for&nbsp;<BR>
him.&nbsp;&nbsp;Users&nbsp;will&nbsp;no&nbsp;longer&nbsp;be&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;mercy&nbsp;of&nbsp;one&nbsp;programmer&nbsp;or&nbsp;company&nbsp;<BR>
which&nbsp;owns&nbsp;the&nbsp;sources&nbsp;and&nbsp;is&nbsp;in&nbsp;sole&nbsp;position&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;changes.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;每一个人都能取得完整的程式码。因此，需要更改系统的使用者总是能自由的&nbsp;<BR>
自行修改之，或雇用任何能够胜任的程式师或公司来替他做这件事。使用者不再&nbsp;<BR>
需要看某一个拥有原始码的程式师或公司的脸色，且在修改程式这件事上，他是&nbsp;<BR>
处於独立不受影响的地位。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Schools&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;provide&nbsp;a&nbsp;much&nbsp;more&nbsp;educational&nbsp;environment&nbsp;<BR>
by&nbsp;encouraging&nbsp;all&nbsp;students&nbsp;to&nbsp;study&nbsp;and&nbsp;improve&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;code.&nbsp;<BR>
Harvard's&nbsp;computer&nbsp;lab&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;the&nbsp;policy&nbsp;that&nbsp;no&nbsp;program&nbsp;could&nbsp;be&nbsp;<BR>
installed&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;if&nbsp;its&nbsp;sources&nbsp;were&nbsp;not&nbsp;on&nbsp;public&nbsp;display,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
upheld&nbsp;it&nbsp;by&nbsp;actually&nbsp;refusing&nbsp;to&nbsp;install&nbsp;certain&nbsp;programs.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;was&nbsp;very&nbsp;<BR>
much&nbsp;inspired&nbsp;by&nbsp;this.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;学校将能够透过鼓励所有的学生学习及改进程式码的方式提供更富教育性的&nbsp;<BR>
环境。哈佛的电脑实验室曾经有这样一个政策：不允许一个不能公开展示原始码&nbsp;<BR>
的程式安装到系统里面，而且拒绝安装某些程式以展示贯彻的决心。我从这件事&nbsp;<BR>
得到不少启发。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Finally,&nbsp;the&nbsp;overhead&nbsp;of&nbsp;considering&nbsp;who&nbsp;owns&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;software&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;what&nbsp;one&nbsp;is&nbsp;or&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;entitled&nbsp;to&nbsp;do&nbsp;with&nbsp;it&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;lifted.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;最後，谁该拥有这个系统软体的顾虑及谁被允许或不允许运用这软体做什麽事&nbsp;<BR>
的限制都会解除。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arrangements&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;people&nbsp;pay&nbsp;for&nbsp;using&nbsp;a&nbsp;program,&nbsp;including&nbsp;<BR>
licensing&nbsp;of&nbsp;copies,&nbsp;always&nbsp;incur&nbsp;a&nbsp;tremendous&nbsp;cost&nbsp;to&nbsp;society&nbsp;through&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;cumbersome&nbsp;mechanisms&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;to&nbsp;figure&nbsp;out&nbsp;how&nbsp;much&nbsp;(that&nbsp;is,&nbsp;<BR>
which&nbsp;programs)&nbsp;a&nbsp;person&nbsp;must&nbsp;pay&nbsp;for.&nbsp;&nbsp;And&nbsp;only&nbsp;a&nbsp;police&nbsp;state&nbsp;can&nbsp;<BR>
force&nbsp;everyone&nbsp;to&nbsp;obey&nbsp;them.&nbsp;&nbsp;Consider&nbsp;a&nbsp;space&nbsp;station&nbsp;where&nbsp;air&nbsp;must&nbsp;<BR>
be&nbsp;manufactured&nbsp;at&nbsp;great&nbsp;cost:&nbsp;charging&nbsp;each&nbsp;breather&nbsp;per&nbsp;liter&nbsp;of&nbsp;air&nbsp;<BR>
may&nbsp;be&nbsp;fair,&nbsp;but&nbsp;wearing&nbsp;the&nbsp;metered&nbsp;gas&nbsp;mask&nbsp;all&nbsp;day&nbsp;and&nbsp;all&nbsp;night&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>
intolerable&nbsp;even&nbsp;if&nbsp;everyone&nbsp;can&nbsp;afford&nbsp;to&nbsp;pay&nbsp;the&nbsp;air&nbsp;bill.&nbsp;&nbsp;And&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
TV&nbsp;cameras&nbsp;everywhere&nbsp;to&nbsp;see&nbsp;if&nbsp;you&nbsp;ever&nbsp;take&nbsp;the&nbsp;mask&nbsp;off&nbsp;are&nbsp;<BR>
outrageous.&nbsp;&nbsp;It's&nbsp;better&nbsp;to&nbsp;support&nbsp;the&nbsp;air&nbsp;plant&nbsp;with&nbsp;a&nbsp;head&nbsp;tax&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
chuck&nbsp;the&nbsp;masks.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;为了使使用程式者付费，包括授权数量，必须透过累赘的机制来测量使用者&nbsp;<BR>
需要为哪个程式付出多少钱，总是使社会付出大量的成本。而且只有警方能使每&nbsp;<BR>
个人都遵守之。考虑一个必须用很高的成本制造空气的太空站：对每呼吸一升空气&nbsp;<BR>
收费可能蛮公平的，但是成天带著空气记录器的口罩是无法忍受的，即使每个人&nbsp;<BR>
都有能力付空气费。而且到处都是监视器监视你是否为了逃避计费而拿掉呼吸罩，&nbsp;<BR>
是非常侮辱人的。倒不如拿开呼吸罩改收人头税。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Copying&nbsp;all&nbsp;or&nbsp;parts&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;program&nbsp;is&nbsp;as&nbsp;natural&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;programmer&nbsp;as&nbsp;<BR>
breathing,&nbsp;and&nbsp;as&nbsp;productive.&nbsp;&nbsp;It&nbsp;ought&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;as&nbsp;free.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;拷贝大部份或部份的程式对一个程式师而言是和呼吸一样自然且有益的事。拷贝&nbsp;<BR>
软体应该要这麽自由。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Some&nbsp;Easily&nbsp;Rebutted&nbsp;Objections&nbsp;to&nbsp;GNU's&nbsp;Goals&nbsp;<BR>
==============================================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
就GNU&nbsp;的理想而言，一些容易澄清的反对意见&nbsp;<BR>
========================================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;Nobody&nbsp;will&nbsp;use&nbsp;it&nbsp;if&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;free,&nbsp;because&nbsp;that&nbsp;means&nbsp;they&nbsp;can't&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rely&nbsp;on&nbsp;any&nbsp;support.&quot;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;You&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;charge&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;program&nbsp;to&nbsp;pay&nbsp;for&nbsp;providing&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;support.&quot;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;『如果它是免费的话就没有人会用它，因为这表示他们没有任何协助可以&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;依赖。』&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;『你必须对程式收费，用来支持提供支援所需之费用。』&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;people&nbsp;would&nbsp;rather&nbsp;pay&nbsp;for&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;plus&nbsp;service&nbsp;than&nbsp;get&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;free&nbsp;<BR>
without&nbsp;service,&nbsp;a&nbsp;company&nbsp;to&nbsp;provide&nbsp;just&nbsp;service&nbsp;to&nbsp;people&nbsp;who&nbsp;have&nbsp;<BR>
obtained&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;free&nbsp;ought&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;profitable.(3)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如果有人宁愿花钱买有售後服务的&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;而非免费得到没有服务的&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;，一家&nbsp;<BR>
专门为那些免费拿到&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;的人提供服务的公司应该会很赚钱。(3)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We&nbsp;must&nbsp;distinguish&nbsp;between&nbsp;support&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;form&nbsp;of&nbsp;real&nbsp;programming&nbsp;<BR>
work&nbsp;and&nbsp;mere&nbsp;handholding.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;former&nbsp;is&nbsp;something&nbsp;one&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;rely&nbsp;on&nbsp;<BR>
from&nbsp;a&nbsp;software&nbsp;vendor.&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;your&nbsp;problem&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;shared&nbsp;by&nbsp;enough&nbsp;<BR>
people,&nbsp;the&nbsp;vendor&nbsp;will&nbsp;tell&nbsp;you&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;lost.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;我们必须辨别程式支援和仅做售後服务方式上的不同。前者是软体公司所不能&nbsp;<BR>
依靠的。如果没有足够多的人和你有相同的问题，软体公司可能会让你陷入无助&nbsp;<BR>
之地。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;your&nbsp;business&nbsp;needs&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;rely&nbsp;on&nbsp;support,&nbsp;the&nbsp;only&nbsp;way&nbsp;<BR>
is&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;sources&nbsp;and&nbsp;tools.&nbsp;&nbsp;Then&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;hire&nbsp;any&nbsp;<BR>
available&nbsp;person&nbsp;to&nbsp;fix&nbsp;your&nbsp;problem;&nbsp;you&nbsp;are&nbsp;not&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;mercy&nbsp;of&nbsp;any&nbsp;<BR>
individual.&nbsp;&nbsp;With&nbsp;Unix,&nbsp;the&nbsp;price&nbsp;of&nbsp;sources&nbsp;puts&nbsp;this&nbsp;out&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>
consideration&nbsp;for&nbsp;most&nbsp;businesses.&nbsp;&nbsp;With&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;this&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;easy.&nbsp;&nbsp;It&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>
still&nbsp;possible&nbsp;for&nbsp;there&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;no&nbsp;available&nbsp;competent&nbsp;person,&nbsp;but&nbsp;this&nbsp;<BR>
problem&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;be&nbsp;blamed&nbsp;on&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;arrangements.&nbsp;&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>
eliminate&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;world's&nbsp;problems,&nbsp;only&nbsp;some&nbsp;of&nbsp;them.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如果你的事业需要倚靠支援，唯一的方法就是准备好一切所需的原始码和工具。&nbsp;<BR>
然後你可以聘请任何一位可以胜任的人来解决你的问题。你不须任由某人摆布。&nbsp;<BR>
就&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;而言，原始码的价钱让大部分的企业无法考虑这种作法。用&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;的话&nbsp;<BR>
这就很容易了。但是还是有可能找不到可以胜任的人的情况，但是这个问题&nbsp;<BR>
不能怪罪传播的方法。GNU&nbsp;并没有解决世界上所有的问题，只是其中的一部份而已。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Meanwhile,&nbsp;the&nbsp;users&nbsp;who&nbsp;know&nbsp;nothing&nbsp;about&nbsp;computers&nbsp;need&nbsp;<BR>
handholding:&nbsp;doing&nbsp;things&nbsp;for&nbsp;them&nbsp;which&nbsp;they&nbsp;could&nbsp;easily&nbsp;do&nbsp;<BR>
themselves&nbsp;but&nbsp;don't&nbsp;know&nbsp;how.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;同时，对电脑一无所知的使用者须要帮助：为他们做一些他们自己能轻易做到，&nbsp;<BR>
但不晓得如何做的事。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Such&nbsp;services&nbsp;could&nbsp;be&nbsp;provided&nbsp;by&nbsp;companies&nbsp;that&nbsp;sell&nbsp;just&nbsp;<BR>
hand-holding&nbsp;and&nbsp;repair&nbsp;service.&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;true&nbsp;that&nbsp;users&nbsp;would&nbsp;rather&nbsp;<BR>