00000003.htm

一份很好的linux入门资料

&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;consider&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;golden&nbsp;rule&nbsp;requires&nbsp;that&nbsp;if&nbsp;I&nbsp;like&nbsp;a&nbsp;program&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>
must&nbsp;share&nbsp;it&nbsp;with&nbsp;other&nbsp;people&nbsp;who&nbsp;like&nbsp;it.&nbsp;&nbsp;Software&nbsp;sellers&nbsp;want&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
divide&nbsp;the&nbsp;users&nbsp;and&nbsp;conquer&nbsp;them,&nbsp;making&nbsp;each&nbsp;user&nbsp;agree&nbsp;not&nbsp;to&nbsp;share&nbsp;<BR>
with&nbsp;others.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;refuse&nbsp;to&nbsp;break&nbsp;solidarity&nbsp;with&nbsp;other&nbsp;users&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;<BR>
way.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;in&nbsp;good&nbsp;conscience&nbsp;sign&nbsp;a&nbsp;nondisclosure&nbsp;agreement&nbsp;or&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>
software&nbsp;license&nbsp;agreement.&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;years&nbsp;I&nbsp;worked&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;Artificial&nbsp;<BR>
Intelligence&nbsp;Lab&nbsp;to&nbsp;resist&nbsp;such&nbsp;tendencies&nbsp;and&nbsp;other&nbsp;inhospitalities,&nbsp;<BR>
but&nbsp;eventually&nbsp;they&nbsp;had&nbsp;gone&nbsp;too&nbsp;far:&nbsp;I&nbsp;could&nbsp;not&nbsp;remain&nbsp;in&nbsp;an&nbsp;<BR>
institution&nbsp;where&nbsp;such&nbsp;things&nbsp;are&nbsp;done&nbsp;for&nbsp;me&nbsp;against&nbsp;my&nbsp;will.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;我认为『如果我喜欢一个程式的话，那我就应该分享给其他喜欢这个程式的人』&nbsp;<BR>
这句话是一个金科玉律。软体商欲个别击破使用者，使他们同意不把软体和他人分享。&nbsp;<BR>
我拒绝以这种方式破坏使用者的团结。我的良心使我不会签下一个不开放的合约或是&nbsp;<BR>
软体授权合约。我在&nbsp;MIT&nbsp;AI&nbsp;实验室对抗这种趋势和其他的冷淡好几年，但是最後事情&nbsp;<BR>
糟糕到：我没办法待在一个处理事情的方法与我的意愿相违的机构。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So&nbsp;that&nbsp;I&nbsp;can&nbsp;continue&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;computers&nbsp;without&nbsp;dishonor,&nbsp;I&nbsp;have&nbsp;<BR>
decided&nbsp;to&nbsp;put&nbsp;together&nbsp;a&nbsp;sufficient&nbsp;body&nbsp;of&nbsp;free&nbsp;software&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>
will&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;along&nbsp;without&nbsp;any&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;free.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>
have&nbsp;resigned&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;AI&nbsp;lab&nbsp;to&nbsp;deny&nbsp;MIT&nbsp;any&nbsp;legal&nbsp;excuse&nbsp;to&nbsp;prevent&nbsp;<BR>
me&nbsp;from&nbsp;giving&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;away.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;为了我能继续使用电脑而不蒙羞，我决定要集合一足够量的自由软体以使我能够&nbsp;<BR>
不使用那些没有自由的软体。我离开&nbsp;AI&nbsp;实验室为的就是不给&nbsp;MIT&nbsp;有任何法律上的藉&nbsp;<BR>
口来阻止我把&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;送给其他人。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Why&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Will&nbsp;Be&nbsp;Compatible&nbsp;with&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>
====================================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
为什麽&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;将会和&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;相容&nbsp;<BR>
===========================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;my&nbsp;ideal&nbsp;system,&nbsp;but&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;too&nbsp;bad.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;essential&nbsp;<BR>
features&nbsp;of&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;seem&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;good&nbsp;ones,&nbsp;and&nbsp;I&nbsp;think&nbsp;I&nbsp;can&nbsp;fill&nbsp;in&nbsp;what&nbsp;<BR>
Unix&nbsp;lacks&nbsp;without&nbsp;spoiling&nbsp;them.&nbsp;&nbsp;And&nbsp;a&nbsp;system&nbsp;compatible&nbsp;with&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>
would&nbsp;be&nbsp;convenient&nbsp;for&nbsp;many&nbsp;other&nbsp;people&nbsp;to&nbsp;adopt.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;并不是我理想的系统，但是它也不会太差。Unix&nbsp;基本的特性似乎是蛮优良&nbsp;<BR>
的，而且我想我能够在不牺牲原有特性之下加进&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;缺少的地方。况且一个和&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>
相容的系统可以让较多的人容易接受。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
How&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Will&nbsp;Be&nbsp;Available&nbsp;<BR>
=========================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
GNU&nbsp;将要如何让他人取得&nbsp;<BR>
======================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;public&nbsp;domain.&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;permitted&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
modify&nbsp;and&nbsp;redistribute&nbsp;GNU,&nbsp;but&nbsp;no&nbsp;distributor&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;allowed&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
restrict&nbsp;its&nbsp;further&nbsp;redistribution.&nbsp;&nbsp;That&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;say,&nbsp;proprietary&nbsp;<BR>
modifications&nbsp;will&nbsp;not&nbsp;be&nbsp;allowed.&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;want&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;that&nbsp;all&nbsp;<BR>
versions&nbsp;of&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;remain&nbsp;free.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;不是公开的，毫无约束的软体（public&nbsp;domain）。我们将会允许每一个人&nbsp;<BR>
修改及传播&nbsp;GNU，但是绝不允许传播者对他传播的程式再加进其他的限制。也就是说，&nbsp;<BR>
不允许将修改後的程式占为己有。我希望能确定&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;所有的版本皆能保持自由。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Why&nbsp;Many&nbsp;Other&nbsp;Programmers&nbsp;Want&nbsp;to&nbsp;Help&nbsp;<BR>
=======================================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
为什麽有很多程式设计者愿意帮忙&nbsp;<BR>
==============================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;have&nbsp;found&nbsp;many&nbsp;other&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;who&nbsp;are&nbsp;excited&nbsp;about&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
want&nbsp;to&nbsp;help.&nbsp;<BR>
我发现有很多程式设计者对&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;感兴趣而且愿意帮忙&nbsp;。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;are&nbsp;unhappy&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;commercialization&nbsp;of&nbsp;system&nbsp;<BR>
software.&nbsp;&nbsp;It&nbsp;may&nbsp;enable&nbsp;them&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;more&nbsp;money,&nbsp;but&nbsp;it&nbsp;requires&nbsp;them&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;feel&nbsp;in&nbsp;conflict&nbsp;with&nbsp;other&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;in&nbsp;general&nbsp;rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;feel&nbsp;<BR>
as&nbsp;comrades.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;fundamental&nbsp;act&nbsp;of&nbsp;friendship&nbsp;among&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
sharing&nbsp;of&nbsp;programs;&nbsp;marketing&nbsp;arrangements&nbsp;now&nbsp;typically&nbsp;used&nbsp;<BR>
essentially&nbsp;forbid&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;to&nbsp;treat&nbsp;others&nbsp;as&nbsp;friends.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;<BR>
purchaser&nbsp;of&nbsp;software&nbsp;must&nbsp;choose&nbsp;between&nbsp;friendship&nbsp;and&nbsp;obeying&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
law.&nbsp;&nbsp;Naturally,&nbsp;many&nbsp;decide&nbsp;that&nbsp;friendship&nbsp;is&nbsp;more&nbsp;important.&nbsp;&nbsp;But&nbsp;<BR>
those&nbsp;who&nbsp;believe&nbsp;in&nbsp;law&nbsp;often&nbsp;do&nbsp;not&nbsp;feel&nbsp;at&nbsp;ease&nbsp;with&nbsp;either&nbsp;choice.&nbsp;<BR>
They&nbsp;become&nbsp;cynical&nbsp;and&nbsp;think&nbsp;that&nbsp;programming&nbsp;is&nbsp;just&nbsp;a&nbsp;way&nbsp;of&nbsp;making&nbsp;<BR>
money.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;很多程式设计者对系统软体的商业化感到不悦。这可能使他们赚更多的钱，&nbsp;<BR>
但是一般而言这使的他们有与其他的程式设计者冲突的感觉而非大家都是同志的&nbsp;<BR>
感觉。程式设计者对友谊的最基本表现就是把程式分享出来；而当前的市场运作&nbsp;<BR>
基本上禁止程式设计者彼此之间视为朋友。软体购买者必须在友谊和守法之间做&nbsp;<BR>
一选择。自然地，有很多选择了友谊比较重要。但是那些相信法律的人常常没办法&nbsp;<BR>
安心的做下任一选择。他们变的愤世忌俗且认为写程式只不过是赚钱的一种方法而已。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By&nbsp;working&nbsp;on&nbsp;and&nbsp;using&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;proprietary&nbsp;programs,&nbsp;we&nbsp;can&nbsp;<BR>
be&nbsp;hospitable&nbsp;to&nbsp;everyone&nbsp;and&nbsp;obey&nbsp;the&nbsp;law.&nbsp;&nbsp;In&nbsp;addition,&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;serves&nbsp;as&nbsp;<BR>
an&nbsp;example&nbsp;to&nbsp;inspire&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;banner&nbsp;to&nbsp;rally&nbsp;others&nbsp;to&nbsp;join&nbsp;us&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>
sharing.&nbsp;&nbsp;This&nbsp;can&nbsp;give&nbsp;us&nbsp;a&nbsp;feeling&nbsp;of&nbsp;harmony&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;impossible&nbsp;if&nbsp;<BR>
we&nbsp;use&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;free.&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;about&nbsp;half&nbsp;the&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>
talk&nbsp;to,&nbsp;this&nbsp;is&nbsp;an&nbsp;important&nbsp;happiness&nbsp;that&nbsp;money&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;replace.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;透过撰写及使用&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;而非私有的程式，我们可以热情的对待每一个人并且遵守&nbsp;<BR>
法律。此外，GNU&nbsp;更是一个激发与集结大家和我们一起分享的典□及号志。这样子&nbsp;<BR>
能够给我们一种和谐的感觉，这感觉是我们为那些不自由的软体工作所不能得到的。&nbsp;<BR>
大概有一半和我谈过的程式设计师认为这是一个金钱所不能替换的、很重要的快乐。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
How&nbsp;You&nbsp;Can&nbsp;Contribute&nbsp;<BR>
======================&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
你能够如何贡献&nbsp;<BR>
==============&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;am&nbsp;asking&nbsp;computer&nbsp;manufacturers&nbsp;for&nbsp;donations&nbsp;of&nbsp;machines&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
money.&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm&nbsp;asking&nbsp;individuals&nbsp;for&nbsp;donations&nbsp;of&nbsp;programs&nbsp;and&nbsp;work.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;我请电脑制造商捐献机器及金钱。我呼吁个人贡献程式与精力。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One&nbsp;consequence&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;expect&nbsp;if&nbsp;you&nbsp;donate&nbsp;machines&nbsp;is&nbsp;that&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;<BR>
will&nbsp;run&nbsp;on&nbsp;them&nbsp;at&nbsp;an&nbsp;early&nbsp;date.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;machines&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;complete,&nbsp;<BR>
ready&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;systems,&nbsp;approved&nbsp;for&nbsp;use&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;residential&nbsp;area,&nbsp;and&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>
in&nbsp;need&nbsp;of&nbsp;sophisticated&nbsp;cooling&nbsp;or&nbsp;power.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如果你贡献机器的话，你可以期待的一个结果就是&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;可以早点在你提供的&nbsp;<BR>
机器上面执行。机器必须是完整的、马上可用的系统，可以在住宅区内使用，而且&nbsp;<BR>
不需要复杂的冷却及电力系统。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I&nbsp;have&nbsp;found&nbsp;very&nbsp;many&nbsp;programmers&nbsp;eager&nbsp;to&nbsp;contribute&nbsp;part-time&nbsp;<BR>
work&nbsp;for&nbsp;GNU.&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;most&nbsp;projects,&nbsp;such&nbsp;part-time&nbsp;distributed&nbsp;work&nbsp;would&nbsp;<BR>
be&nbsp;very&nbsp;hard&nbsp;to&nbsp;coordinate;&nbsp;the&nbsp;independently-written&nbsp;parts&nbsp;would&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>
work&nbsp;together.&nbsp;&nbsp;But&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;particular&nbsp;task&nbsp;of&nbsp;replacing&nbsp;Unix,&nbsp;this&nbsp;<BR>
problem&nbsp;is&nbsp;absent.&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;complete&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;system&nbsp;contains&nbsp;hundreds&nbsp;of&nbsp;utility&nbsp;<BR>
programs,&nbsp;each&nbsp;of&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;documented&nbsp;separately.&nbsp;&nbsp;Most&nbsp;interface&nbsp;<BR>
specifications&nbsp;are&nbsp;fixed&nbsp;by&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;compatibility.&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;each&nbsp;contributor&nbsp;<BR>
can&nbsp;write&nbsp;a&nbsp;compatible&nbsp;replacement&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;utility,&nbsp;and&nbsp;make&nbsp;<BR>
it&nbsp;work&nbsp;properly&nbsp;in&nbsp;place&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;original&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;system,&nbsp;then&nbsp;these&nbsp;<BR>
utilities&nbsp;will&nbsp;work&nbsp;right&nbsp;when&nbsp;put&nbsp;together.&nbsp;&nbsp;Even&nbsp;allowing&nbsp;for&nbsp;Murphy&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;create&nbsp;a&nbsp;few&nbsp;unexpected&nbsp;problems,&nbsp;assembling&nbsp;these&nbsp;components&nbsp;will&nbsp;<BR>
be&nbsp;a&nbsp;feasible&nbsp;task.&nbsp;&nbsp;(The&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;will&nbsp;require&nbsp;closer&nbsp;communication&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
will&nbsp;be&nbsp;worked&nbsp;on&nbsp;by&nbsp;a&nbsp;small,&nbsp;tight&nbsp;group.)&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;我发现有很多的程式师渴望为&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;贡献部份□暇的精力。对大部分的计画而言，&nbsp;<BR>
如此部份的、分散的工作非常难以协调；大家独立写的各部份可能没办法合在一起&nbsp;<BR>
工作。但是就取代&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;的特定任务来说就没有这个问题。一个完整的&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;系统&nbsp;<BR>
包括了上百个工具程式，每一个程式都分别有所描述。大部分的界面规格都因&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>
相容性的缘故而是固定的。如每一个贡献者能够写一个某个&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;工具的相容替代品，&nbsp;<BR>
让它在&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;下能正确的取代原来程式的工作，那麽这些工具集合在一起时便能正常&nbsp;<BR>
工作。即使允许&nbsp;Murphy&nbsp;再制造一些出乎意料的问题，把这些部份组合起来仍然是件&nbsp;<BR>
可行的工作。（系统核心的工作就需要较密切的沟通，且只有一群紧密的小组能够参加）&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>