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📁 一份很好的linux入门资料
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<HTML><HEAD>  <TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;MrX&nbsp;(毛线球),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;Another&nbsp;attack&nbsp;to&nbsp;linux&nbsp;from&nbsp;M$.&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Tue&nbsp;Jan&nbsp;11&nbsp;18:13:59&nbsp;2000)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>From&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/nts/news/msnw/LinuxMyths.asp">http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/nts/news/msnw/LinuxMyths.asp</A>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>With&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;recent&nbsp;attention&nbsp;around&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;as&nbsp;an&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system,&nbsp;it's&nbsp;imp&nbsp;<BR>ortant&nbsp;to&nbsp;step&nbsp;back&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;hype&nbsp;and&nbsp;look&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;reality.&nbsp;First,&nbsp;it's&nbsp;worth&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;noting&nbsp;that&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;UNIX-like&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;fundamentally&nbsp;reli&nbsp;<BR>es&nbsp;on&nbsp;30-year-old&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;technology&nbsp;and&nbsp;architecture.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;was&nbsp;no&nbsp;<BR>t&nbsp;designed&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;ground-up&nbsp;to&nbsp;support&nbsp;symmetrical&nbsp;multiprocessing&nbsp;(SMP),&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>graphical&nbsp;user&nbsp;interfaces&nbsp;(GUI),&nbsp;asynchronous&nbsp;I/O,&nbsp;fine-grained&nbsp;security&nbsp;mod&nbsp;<BR>el,&nbsp;and&nbsp;many&nbsp;other&nbsp;important&nbsp;characteristics&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;modern&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;T&nbsp;<BR>hese&nbsp;architectural&nbsp;limitations&nbsp;mean&nbsp;that&nbsp;as&nbsp;customers&nbsp;look&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;platform&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;cost&nbsp;effectively&nbsp;deploy&nbsp;scalable,&nbsp;secure,&nbsp;and&nbsp;robust&nbsp;applications,&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;si&nbsp;<BR>mply&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;deliver&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;hype.&nbsp;<BR>Myth:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;performs&nbsp;better&nbsp;than&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>----&nbsp;<BR>Reality:&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;Outperforms&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;On&nbsp;Common&nbsp;Customer&nbsp;Workloads&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;claims&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;improved&nbsp;performance&nbsp;and&nbsp;scalability&nbsp;in&nbsp;t&nbsp;<BR>he&nbsp;latest&nbsp;versions&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Kernel&nbsp;(2.2),&nbsp;however&nbsp;it's&nbsp;clear&nbsp;that&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>remains&nbsp;inferior&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT?&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;<BR>For&nbsp;File&nbsp;and&nbsp;Print&nbsp;services,&nbsp;according&nbsp;to&nbsp;independent&nbsp;tests&nbsp;conducted&nbsp;by&nbsp;PC&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>Week&nbsp;Labs,&nbsp;the&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;delivers&nbsp;52&nbsp;percent&nbsp;better&nbsp;pe&nbsp;<BR>rformance&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;processor&nbsp;system&nbsp;and&nbsp;110&nbsp;percent&nbsp;better&nbsp;performance&nbsp;on&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;a&nbsp;4-way&nbsp;system&nbsp;than&nbsp;similarly&nbsp;configured&nbsp;single&nbsp;processor&nbsp;and&nbsp;4-way&nbsp;Linux/S&nbsp;<BR>AMBA&nbsp;systems.&nbsp;<BR>For&nbsp;Web&nbsp;servers,&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;PC&nbsp;Week&nbsp;tests&nbsp;showed&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;with&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>Information&nbsp;Server&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;delivers&nbsp;41&nbsp;percent&nbsp;better&nbsp;performance&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;pr&nbsp;<BR>ocessor&nbsp;system&nbsp;and&nbsp;125&nbsp;percent&nbsp;better&nbsp;performance&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;4-way&nbsp;system&nbsp;than&nbsp;Lin&nbsp;<BR>ux&nbsp;and&nbsp;Apache.&nbsp;<BR>For&nbsp;e-commerce&nbsp;workloads&nbsp;using&nbsp;secure&nbsp;sockets&nbsp;(SSL),&nbsp;recent&nbsp;PC&nbsp;Magazine&nbsp;test&nbsp;<BR>s&nbsp;showed&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;with&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;Information&nbsp;Server&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;delivers&nbsp;approx&nbsp;<BR>imately&nbsp;five&nbsp;times&nbsp;the&nbsp;performance&nbsp;provided&nbsp;by&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;and&nbsp;Stronghold.&nbsp;<BR>For&nbsp;transaction-orientated&nbsp;Line&nbsp;of&nbsp;Business&nbsp;applications,&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;has&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;achieved&nbsp;a&nbsp;result&nbsp;of&nbsp;40,368&nbsp;tpmC&nbsp;at&nbsp;a&nbsp;cost&nbsp;of&nbsp;$18.46&nbsp;per&nbsp;transaction&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;C&nbsp;<BR>ompaq&nbsp;8-Way&nbsp;Pentium&nbsp;III&nbsp;XEON&nbsp;processor-based&nbsp;system.&nbsp;This&nbsp;industry&nbsp;leading&nbsp;p&nbsp;<BR>rice/performance&nbsp;result&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;Transaction&nbsp;Processing&nbsp;Performance&nbsp;Council&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>(TPC)&nbsp;clearly&nbsp;shows&nbsp;how&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;can&nbsp;deliver&nbsp;world-class&nbsp;performance&nbsp;for&nbsp;h&nbsp;<BR>eavy&nbsp;duty&nbsp;transaction&nbsp;processing.&nbsp;It's&nbsp;interesting&nbsp;to&nbsp;note&nbsp;that&nbsp;there&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;TPC&nbsp;result&nbsp;on&nbsp;any&nbsp;database&nbsp;running&nbsp;on&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;and&nbsp;therefore&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;h&nbsp;<BR>as&nbsp;yet&nbsp;to&nbsp;demonstrate&nbsp;their&nbsp;capabilities&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;database&nbsp;server.&nbsp;<BR>Linux&nbsp;performance&nbsp;and&nbsp;scalability&nbsp;is&nbsp;architecturally&nbsp;limited&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;2.2&nbsp;Kern&nbsp;<BR>el.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;only&nbsp;supports&nbsp;2&nbsp;gigabytes&nbsp;(GB)&nbsp;of&nbsp;RAM&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;x86&nbsp;architecture,1&nbsp;co&nbsp;<BR>mpared&nbsp;to&nbsp;4&nbsp;GB&nbsp;for&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0.&nbsp;The&nbsp;largest&nbsp;file&nbsp;size&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;supports&nbsp;is&nbsp;2&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;GB&nbsp;versus&nbsp;16&nbsp;terabytes&nbsp;(TB)&nbsp;for&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0.&nbsp;The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;SWAP&nbsp;file&nbsp;is&nbsp;limi&nbsp;<BR>ted&nbsp;to&nbsp;128&nbsp;MB.&nbsp;In&nbsp;addition,&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;support&nbsp;many&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;modern&nbsp;operat&nbsp;<BR>ing&nbsp;system&nbsp;features&nbsp;that&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;has&nbsp;pioneered&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;asynchronous&nbsp;I&nbsp;<BR>/O,&nbsp;completion&nbsp;ports,&nbsp;and&nbsp;fine-grained&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;locks.&nbsp;These&nbsp;architecture&nbsp;cons&nbsp;<BR>traints&nbsp;limit&nbsp;the&nbsp;ability&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;to&nbsp;scale&nbsp;well&nbsp;past&nbsp;two&nbsp;processors.&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;continues&nbsp;to&nbsp;promise&nbsp;major&nbsp;SMP&nbsp;and&nbsp;performance&nbsp;improveme&nbsp;<BR>nts.&nbsp;They&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;promising&nbsp;these&nbsp;since&nbsp;the&nbsp;development&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;2.0&nbsp;Kernel&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>in&nbsp;1996.&nbsp;Delivering&nbsp;a&nbsp;scalable&nbsp;system&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;complex&nbsp;task&nbsp;and&nbsp;it's&nbsp;not&nbsp;clear&nbsp;t&nbsp;<BR>hat&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;can&nbsp;solve&nbsp;these&nbsp;issues&nbsp;easily&nbsp;or&nbsp;quickly.&nbsp;As&nbsp;D.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;B&nbsp;<BR>rown&nbsp;Associates&nbsp;noted&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;recent&nbsp;technical&nbsp;report,2&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;2.2&nbsp;Kernel&nbsp;re&nbsp;<BR>mains&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;early&nbsp;stages&nbsp;of&nbsp;providing&nbsp;a&nbsp;tuned&nbsp;SMP&nbsp;kernel.&nbsp;<BR>Myth:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;is&nbsp;more&nbsp;reliable&nbsp;than&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>----&nbsp;<BR>Reality:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Needs&nbsp;Real&nbsp;World&nbsp;Proof&nbsp;Points&nbsp;Rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;Anecdotal&nbsp;Stories&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;likes&nbsp;to&nbsp;talk&nbsp;about&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;stable&nbsp;and&nbsp;reliable&nbsp;opera&nbsp;<BR>ting&nbsp;system,&nbsp;yet&nbsp;there&nbsp;are&nbsp;no&nbsp;real&nbsp;world&nbsp;data&nbsp;or&nbsp;metrics&nbsp;and&nbsp;very&nbsp;limited&nbsp;cu&nbsp;<BR>stomer&nbsp;evidence&nbsp;to&nbsp;back&nbsp;up&nbsp;these&nbsp;claims.&nbsp;<BR>Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;proven&nbsp;in&nbsp;demanding&nbsp;customer&nbsp;environments&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;a&nbsp;re&nbsp;<BR>liable&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;Customers&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;Barnes&nbsp;and&nbsp;Noble,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Boeing&nbsp;Comp&nbsp;<BR>any,&nbsp;Chicago&nbsp;Stock&nbsp;Exchange,&nbsp;Dell&nbsp;Computer,&nbsp;Nasdaq&nbsp;and&nbsp;many&nbsp;others&nbsp;run&nbsp;missi&nbsp;<BR>on-critical&nbsp;applications&nbsp;on&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;4.0.&nbsp;<BR>Linux&nbsp;lacks&nbsp;a&nbsp;commercial&nbsp;quality&nbsp;Journaling&nbsp;File&nbsp;System.&nbsp;This&nbsp;means&nbsp;that&nbsp;in&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;event&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;system&nbsp;failure&nbsp;(such&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;power&nbsp;outage)&nbsp;data&nbsp;loss&nbsp;or&nbsp;corrupti&nbsp;<BR>on&nbsp;is&nbsp;possible.&nbsp;In&nbsp;any&nbsp;event,&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;must&nbsp;check&nbsp;the&nbsp;integrity&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;fil&nbsp;<BR>e&nbsp;system&nbsp;during&nbsp;system&nbsp;restart,&nbsp;a&nbsp;process&nbsp;that&nbsp;will&nbsp;likely&nbsp;consume&nbsp;an&nbsp;extend&nbsp;<BR>ed&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;time,&nbsp;especially&nbsp;on&nbsp;large&nbsp;volumes&nbsp;and&nbsp;may&nbsp;require&nbsp;manual&nbsp;interv&nbsp;<BR>ention&nbsp;to&nbsp;reconstruct&nbsp;the&nbsp;file&nbsp;system.&nbsp;<BR>There&nbsp;are&nbsp;no&nbsp;commercially&nbsp;proven&nbsp;clustering&nbsp;technologies&nbsp;to&nbsp;provide&nbsp;High&nbsp;Ava&nbsp;<BR>ilability&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux.&nbsp;The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;may&nbsp;point&nbsp;to&nbsp;numerous&nbsp;projects&nbsp;and&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>small&nbsp;companies&nbsp;that&nbsp;are&nbsp;aiming&nbsp;to&nbsp;deliver&nbsp;High&nbsp;Availability&nbsp;functionality.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>D.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Brown&nbsp;recently&nbsp;noted&nbsp;that&nbsp;these&nbsp;offerings&nbsp;remain&nbsp;immature&nbsp;and&nbsp;largely&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>unproven&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;demanding&nbsp;business&nbsp;world.&nbsp;<BR>There&nbsp;are&nbsp;no&nbsp;OEMs&nbsp;that&nbsp;provide&nbsp;uptime&nbsp;guarantees&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;unlike&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;N&nbsp;<BR>T&nbsp;where&nbsp;Compaq,&nbsp;Data&nbsp;General,&nbsp;Hewlett-Packard,&nbsp;IBM,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Unisys&nbsp;provide&nbsp;99.9&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>percent&nbsp;system-level&nbsp;uptime&nbsp;guarantees&nbsp;for&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT-based&nbsp;servers.&nbsp;<BR>Myth:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;is&nbsp;Free&nbsp;<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>----&nbsp;<BR>Reality:&nbsp;Free&nbsp;Operating&nbsp;System&nbsp;Does&nbsp;Not&nbsp;Mean&nbsp;Low&nbsp;Total&nbsp;Cost&nbsp;of&nbsp;Ownership&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;will&nbsp;talk&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;free&nbsp;or&nbsp;low-cost&nbsp;nature&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux.&nbsp;It&nbsp;<BR>'s&nbsp;important&nbsp;to&nbsp;understand&nbsp;that&nbsp;licensing&nbsp;cost&nbsp;is&nbsp;only&nbsp;a&nbsp;small&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;o&nbsp;<BR>verall&nbsp;decision-making&nbsp;process&nbsp;for&nbsp;customers.&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;cost&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;is&nbsp;only&nbsp;a&nbsp;small&nbsp;percentage&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;overall&nbsp;t&nbsp;<BR>otal&nbsp;cost&nbsp;of&nbsp;ownership&nbsp;(TCO).&nbsp;In&nbsp;general&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;has&nbsp;proven&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;a&nbsp;low&nbsp;<BR>er&nbsp;cost&nbsp;of&nbsp;ownership&nbsp;than&nbsp;UNIX.&nbsp;Previous&nbsp;studies&nbsp;have&nbsp;shown&nbsp;that&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;NT&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>has&nbsp;37&nbsp;percent&nbsp;lower&nbsp;TCO&nbsp;than&nbsp;UNIX.&nbsp;There&nbsp;is&nbsp;no&nbsp;reason&nbsp;to&nbsp;believe&nbsp;that&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;is&nbsp;significantly&nbsp;different&nbsp;than&nbsp;other&nbsp;versions&nbsp;of&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;when&nbsp;it&nbsp;comes&nbsp;to&nbsp;TCO&nbsp;<BR>.&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;very&nbsp;definition&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;as&nbsp;an&nbsp;Open&nbsp;Software&nbsp;effort&nbsp;means&nbsp;that&nbsp;commercia&nbsp;<BR>
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