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📁 一份很好的linux入门资料
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<HTML><HEAD>  <TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;linuxrat&nbsp;(叫我老鼠错不了),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;Linux定位的新目标?[FWD]&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Mon&nbsp;Jan&nbsp;17&nbsp;14:58:10&nbsp;2000)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;不知道我的标题是否理解有错.&nbsp;哪位给纠正一下哦.&nbsp;&nbsp;:)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;URL:&nbsp;<A HREF="http://gartner3.gartnerweb.com/public/static/hotc/hc00085653.html">http://gartner3.gartnerweb.com/public/static/hotc/hc00085653.html</A>&nbsp;<BR>=====Begin=======&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Research&nbsp;Note&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Strategic&nbsp;Planning&nbsp;Assumption&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11&nbsp;January&nbsp;2000&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;New&nbsp;Approach&nbsp;to&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Positioning:&nbsp;The&nbsp;Long&nbsp;View&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G.&nbsp;Weiss&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hype&nbsp;states&nbsp;that&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;will&nbsp;overthrow&nbsp;NT.&nbsp;A&nbsp;more&nbsp;interesting&nbsp;scenario&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shows&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;reinvigorating&nbsp;the&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;market.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;_________________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Core&nbsp;Topic&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;and&nbsp;Midrange&nbsp;Server&nbsp;Vendors&nbsp;and&nbsp;Markets&nbsp;~&nbsp;Hardware&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Operating&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Systems&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Key&nbsp;Issue&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How&nbsp;will&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;and&nbsp;midrange&nbsp;server&nbsp;vendors&nbsp;and&nbsp;markets&nbsp;evolve?&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Strategic&nbsp;Planning&nbsp;Assumptions&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By&nbsp;2002,&nbsp;all&nbsp;four&nbsp;major&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;vendors&nbsp;(Sun&nbsp;Microsystems,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hewlett-Packard,&nbsp;IBM&nbsp;and&nbsp;Compaq&nbsp;Computer)&nbsp;will&nbsp;position&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;midrange&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;complement&nbsp;to&nbsp;their&nbsp;high-end&nbsp;server&nbsp;strategy&nbsp;but&nbsp;will&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not&nbsp;relinquish&nbsp;their&nbsp;positioning&nbsp;of&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;strategic&nbsp;enterprise&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mission-critical&nbsp;OS&nbsp;environment&nbsp;(0.7&nbsp;probability).&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Through&nbsp;2003,&nbsp;90&nbsp;percent&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;server&nbsp;deployments&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;on&nbsp;Intel&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IA-32&nbsp;(rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;IA-64&nbsp;or&nbsp;RISC)&nbsp;(0.8&nbsp;probability).&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;_________________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community&nbsp;wants&nbsp;to&nbsp;replace&nbsp;well-established&nbsp;OSs.&nbsp;It&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done,&nbsp;but&nbsp;enterprise&nbsp;planners&nbsp;take&nbsp;years&nbsp;to&nbsp;redesign,&nbsp;architect,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;redeploy&nbsp;and&nbsp;reconfigure&nbsp;systems&nbsp;and&nbsp;change&nbsp;vendor&nbsp;relationships.&nbsp;We&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fault&nbsp;the&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;community's&nbsp;claim&nbsp;that&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;will&nbsp;topple&nbsp;Microsoft.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Instead,&nbsp;we&nbsp;present&nbsp;a&nbsp;scenario&nbsp;of&nbsp;accelerating&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;acceptance&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainstream&nbsp;corporate&nbsp;applications&nbsp;where&nbsp;resistance&nbsp;lingers&nbsp;(outside&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;&quot;hot&nbsp;spots&quot;&nbsp;in&nbsp;education,&nbsp;technical&nbsp;computing,&nbsp;consulting&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;specific-function&nbsp;network&nbsp;services).&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;market&nbsp;spans&nbsp;a&nbsp;variety&nbsp;of&nbsp;user&nbsp;needs.&nbsp;We&nbsp;foresee&nbsp;a&nbsp;Unix/Linux&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;OS&nbsp;continuum&nbsp;(see&nbsp;Note&nbsp;1)&nbsp;including&nbsp;a&nbsp;vendor-specific&nbsp;Unix-branded&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;segment&nbsp;(as&nbsp;today&nbsp;with&nbsp;Solaris,&nbsp;HP-UX,&nbsp;AIX,&nbsp;Tru64,&nbsp;etc.)&nbsp;focused&nbsp;on&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enterprise&nbsp;functionality,&nbsp;deep&nbsp;vendor&nbsp;support,&nbsp;extreme&nbsp;levels&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;scalability&nbsp;and&nbsp;mission&nbsp;criticality.&nbsp;At&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;end&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;market&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a&nbsp;low-end&nbsp;&quot;vendor-independent,&nbsp;open-source-driven&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Linux&quot;&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the&nbsp;OS&nbsp;and&nbsp;allied&nbsp;applications&nbsp;conform&nbsp;to&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;principles.&nbsp;This&nbsp;market&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;focuses&nbsp;on&nbsp;appliance-style,&nbsp;shrink-wrapped&nbsp;&quot;Unixlike&quot;&nbsp;servers,&nbsp;many&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pre-configured&nbsp;and&nbsp;deployed&nbsp;in&nbsp;infrastructure&nbsp;services.&nbsp;This&nbsp;enables&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;to&nbsp;move&nbsp;upmarket&nbsp;as&nbsp;demand&nbsp;and&nbsp;technological&nbsp;maturity&nbsp;warrant.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Parts&nbsp;of&nbsp;these&nbsp;markets&nbsp;are&nbsp;evolving&nbsp;and&nbsp;are&nbsp;wide&nbsp;open&nbsp;competitively.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;if&nbsp;allied&nbsp;to&nbsp;Unix,&nbsp;would&nbsp;reinvigorate&nbsp;Unix,&nbsp;especially&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;competitive&nbsp;bidding&nbsp;against&nbsp;Microsoft,&nbsp;in&nbsp;low-end&nbsp;and&nbsp;midrange&nbsp;markets&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sensitive&nbsp;to&nbsp;price&nbsp;and&nbsp;price/performance.&nbsp;Here,&nbsp;vendor-branded&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;vendor-independent&nbsp;&quot;Unix&quot;&nbsp;could&nbsp;evolve&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;nearly&nbsp;seamless,&nbsp;with&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;common&nbsp;APIs,&nbsp;utilities&nbsp;and&nbsp;applications&nbsp;&amp;#151;&nbsp;particularly&nbsp;on&nbsp;Intel&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;architectures,&nbsp;which&nbsp;account&nbsp;for&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;90&nbsp;percent&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deployments.&nbsp;The&nbsp;argument&nbsp;for&nbsp;strategic&nbsp;alignment&nbsp;of&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;and&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;follows.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;_________________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Note&nbsp;1&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;and&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Compared&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;and&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;Business&nbsp;Models:&nbsp;The&nbsp;Unix-branded&nbsp;vendor&nbsp;business&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;model&nbsp;is&nbsp;based&nbsp;on&nbsp;high&nbsp;unique&nbsp;value&nbsp;(architectural&nbsp;and&nbsp;system&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enhancements&nbsp;for&nbsp;high&nbsp;availability,&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;on&nbsp;demand,&nbsp;quality&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;service,&nbsp;performance&nbsp;and&nbsp;scalability,&nbsp;disaster&nbsp;recovery,&nbsp;etc.).&nbsp;The&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;market&nbsp;is&nbsp;characterized&nbsp;by&nbsp;low&nbsp;unit&nbsp;volume&nbsp;growth&nbsp;at&nbsp;high&nbsp;ASPs.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;business&nbsp;model&nbsp;is&nbsp;based&nbsp;on&nbsp;low&nbsp;vendor-unique&nbsp;value&nbsp;but&nbsp;pervasive&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;fabric.&nbsp;High&nbsp;replication&nbsp;value&nbsp;comes&nbsp;from&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eliminating&nbsp;the&nbsp;high&nbsp;license&nbsp;fee&nbsp;&quot;tax&quot;&nbsp;associated&nbsp;with&nbsp;vastly&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;replicated&nbsp;sameness.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common&nbsp;Unix/Linux&nbsp;Building&nbsp;Blocks:&nbsp;Posix,&nbsp;X&nbsp;Windows,&nbsp;C/C++,&nbsp;NFS,&nbsp;BIND,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sendmail,&nbsp;LDAP,&nbsp;FTP,&nbsp;Telnet,&nbsp;TCP/IP,&nbsp;Java,&nbsp;Apache,&nbsp;Netscape,&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shells.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Areas&nbsp;of&nbsp;Unix/Linux&nbsp;Divergence:&nbsp;Device&nbsp;drivers;&nbsp;server&nbsp;diagnostics&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problem&nbsp;resolution;&nbsp;specific&nbsp;architectural&nbsp;enhancements&nbsp;for&nbsp;ccNUMA,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;clustering,&nbsp;high&nbsp;availability&nbsp;and&nbsp;failover;&nbsp;special&nbsp;OS&nbsp;functions&nbsp;such&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;on&nbsp;demand,&nbsp;resource&nbsp;and&nbsp;workload&nbsp;management,&nbsp;and&nbsp;quality&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of&nbsp;service;&nbsp;OS&nbsp;partitioning&nbsp;and&nbsp;remote&nbsp;systems&nbsp;management.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;_________________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;stalwarts&nbsp;have&nbsp;made&nbsp;it&nbsp;a&nbsp;credo&nbsp;that&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;is&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;(see&nbsp;Note&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2),&nbsp;to&nbsp;differentiate&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;from&nbsp;fragmented&nbsp;and&nbsp;steeply&nbsp;licensed&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;originated&nbsp;with&nbsp;AT&amp;T's&nbsp;ownership.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;is&nbsp;too&nbsp;broad&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;far-reaching&nbsp;for&nbsp;broad&nbsp;vendor&nbsp;and&nbsp;ISV&nbsp;acceptance&nbsp;(e.g.,&nbsp;because&nbsp;of&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;issues&nbsp;involving&nbsp;patents&nbsp;and&nbsp;intellectual&nbsp;property&nbsp;rights).&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Compatibility&nbsp;with&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;is&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;Linux's&nbsp;main&nbsp;attractions&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;complementary&nbsp;strategy.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;_________________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Note&nbsp;2&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GNU's&nbsp;Not&nbsp;Unix,&nbsp;or&nbsp;GNU,&nbsp;was&nbsp;invented&nbsp;by&nbsp;Richard&nbsp;Stallman.&nbsp;The&nbsp;reason&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;is&nbsp;Stallman's&nbsp;goal&nbsp;of&nbsp;developing&nbsp;an&nbsp;entire&nbsp;OS&nbsp;environment&nbsp;in&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;following&nbsp;principles&nbsp;apply:&nbsp;1)&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;to&nbsp;run&nbsp;programs&nbsp;for&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any&nbsp;purpose,&nbsp;2)&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;to&nbsp;modify&nbsp;the&nbsp;program&nbsp;with&nbsp;access&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;source&nbsp;code,&nbsp;3)&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;to&nbsp;redistribute&nbsp;copies&nbsp;of&nbsp;programs&nbsp;(gratis&nbsp;or&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;fee)&nbsp;derived&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;open&nbsp;source&nbsp;and&nbsp;4)&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;to&nbsp;distribute&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;modified&nbsp;versions&nbsp;of&nbsp;programs.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;_________________________________________________________________&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;fits&nbsp;where&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;hoped,&nbsp;but&nbsp;failed,&nbsp;to&nbsp;win:&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;commodity&nbsp;OS&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for&nbsp;inexpensive&nbsp;Intel&nbsp;servers&nbsp;and&nbsp;desktops.&nbsp;It&nbsp;solves&nbsp;the&nbsp;enterprise&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;need&nbsp;for&nbsp;budget-tight&nbsp;deployments&nbsp;(e.g.,&nbsp;replicated&nbsp;sites,&nbsp;Internet&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nodes&nbsp;and&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;devices&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;easily&nbsp;scrapped,&nbsp;swapped&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;upgraded).&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;has&nbsp;not&nbsp;yet&nbsp;emerged&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;widespread&nbsp;application&nbsp;or&nbsp;high-end&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DBMS&nbsp;OS.&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;must&nbsp;show&nbsp;better&nbsp;scalability,&nbsp;performance&nbsp;and&nbsp;worldwide&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vendor&nbsp;platform&nbsp;support&nbsp;to&nbsp;attract&nbsp;ISVs.&nbsp;This&nbsp;requires&nbsp;ongoing&nbsp;vendor&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;enhancements&nbsp;and&nbsp;optimization.&nbsp;As&nbsp;a&nbsp;complementary&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strategy,&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;has&nbsp;the&nbsp;opportunity&nbsp;to&nbsp;mature&nbsp;and&nbsp;yet&nbsp;not&nbsp;compete&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;directly&nbsp;against&nbsp;incumbent&nbsp;Unix,&nbsp;thus&nbsp;satisfying&nbsp;the&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;vendors&nbsp;(see&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Note&nbsp;3).&nbsp;As&nbsp;an&nbsp;example,&nbsp;three-tier&nbsp;ERP&nbsp;applications&nbsp;on&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;IA-32&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intel&nbsp;servers&nbsp;could&nbsp;be&nbsp;an&nbsp;alternative&nbsp;to&nbsp;NT,&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;DBMS&nbsp;on&nbsp;Unix&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;servers.&nbsp;<BR>
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