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一份很好的linux入门资料

&nbsp;&nbsp;买&nbsp;了&nbsp;一&nbsp;辆&nbsp;车&nbsp;,&nbsp;但&nbsp;只&nbsp;准&nbsp;一&nbsp;位&nbsp;机&nbsp;械&nbsp;师&nbsp;才&nbsp;能&nbsp;修&nbsp;理&nbsp;它&nbsp;,&nbsp;而&nbsp;他&nbsp;又&nbsp;住&nbsp;在&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;另&nbsp;一&nbsp;个&nbsp;城&nbsp;里&nbsp;,&nbsp;一&nbsp;旦&nbsp;车&nbsp;子&nbsp;坏&nbsp;了&nbsp;就&nbsp;很&nbsp;麻&nbsp;烦&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;当&nbsp;然&nbsp;,&nbsp;消&nbsp;费&nbsp;者&nbsp;可&nbsp;另&nbsp;选&nbsp;一&nbsp;种&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;来&nbsp;用&nbsp;,&nbsp;但&nbsp;一&nbsp;般&nbsp;用&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;的&nbsp;人&nbsp;都&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;有&nbsp;惰&nbsp;性&nbsp;,&nbsp;一&nbsp;旦&nbsp;用&nbsp;惯&nbsp;了&nbsp;某&nbsp;个&nbsp;软&nbsp;体&nbsp;,&nbsp;就&nbsp;不&nbsp;容&nbsp;易&nbsp;改&nbsp;变&nbsp;,&nbsp;况&nbsp;且&nbsp;还&nbsp;得&nbsp;花&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;时&nbsp;间&nbsp;(即&nbsp;是&nbsp;金&nbsp;钱&nbsp;)去&nbsp;学&nbsp;用&nbsp;新&nbsp;的&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;,&nbsp;吃&nbsp;亏&nbsp;的&nbsp;都&nbsp;是&nbsp;使&nbsp;用&nbsp;者&nbsp;。&nbsp;大&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;部&nbsp;份&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;资&nbsp;料&nbsp;都&nbsp;是&nbsp;用&nbsp;一&nbsp;种&nbsp;专&nbsp;属&nbsp;性&nbsp;的&nbsp;格&nbsp;式&nbsp;储&nbsp;存&nbsp;起&nbsp;来&nbsp;,&nbsp;而&nbsp;不&nbsp;与&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;其&nbsp;他&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;的&nbsp;格&nbsp;式&nbsp;相&nbsp;容&nbsp;,&nbsp;所&nbsp;以&nbsp;有&nbsp;时&nbsp;即&nbsp;使&nbsp;所&nbsp;用&nbsp;的&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;有&nbsp;些&nbsp;问&nbsp;题&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;,&nbsp;使&nbsp;用&nbsp;者&nbsp;也&nbsp;无&nbsp;多&nbsp;大&nbsp;意&nbsp;愿&nbsp;去&nbsp;改&nbsp;用&nbsp;其&nbsp;他&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;直&nbsp;到&nbsp;最&nbsp;近&nbsp;,&nbsp;人&nbsp;们&nbsp;仍&nbsp;然&nbsp;碰&nbsp;上&nbsp;同&nbsp;样&nbsp;的&nbsp;问&nbsp;题&nbsp;:&nbsp;老&nbsp;在&nbsp;换&nbsp;用&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;和&nbsp;程&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;式&nbsp;;&nbsp;这&nbsp;问&nbsp;题&nbsp;当&nbsp;然&nbsp;是&nbsp;出&nbsp;自&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;。&nbsp;来&nbsp;自&nbsp;IBM&nbsp;的&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;,&nbsp;用&nbsp;的&nbsp;OS&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;是&nbsp;VM,&nbsp;而&nbsp;Prime&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;却&nbsp;用&nbsp;PRIMOS;&nbsp;DEC&nbsp;则&nbsp;有&nbsp;成&nbsp;堆&nbsp;的&nbsp;OS,&nbsp;而&nbsp;且&nbsp;有&nbsp;时&nbsp;一&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;种&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;有&nbsp;多&nbsp;种&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;会&nbsp;生&nbsp;金&nbsp;蛋&nbsp;的&nbsp;鸡&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;对&nbsp;硬&nbsp;体&nbsp;业&nbsp;者&nbsp;来&nbsp;说&nbsp;,&nbsp;这&nbsp;可&nbsp;是&nbsp;笔&nbsp;好&nbsp;生&nbsp;意&nbsp;,&nbsp;就&nbsp;像&nbsp;抱&nbsp;了&nbsp;一&nbsp;只&nbsp;会&nbsp;生&nbsp;金&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;蛋&nbsp;的&nbsp;鸡&nbsp;一&nbsp;样&nbsp;。&nbsp;因&nbsp;为&nbsp;即&nbsp;使&nbsp;开&nbsp;拓&nbsp;不&nbsp;了&nbsp;新&nbsp;市&nbsp;场&nbsp;,&nbsp;业&nbsp;者&nbsp;仍&nbsp;然&nbsp;捉&nbsp;住&nbsp;一&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;群&nbsp;不&nbsp;得&nbsp;不&nbsp;再&nbsp;买&nbsp;同&nbsp;牌&nbsp;子&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;的&nbsp;使&nbsp;用&nbsp;者&nbsp;,&nbsp;来&nbsp;跑&nbsp;他&nbsp;已&nbsp;经&nbsp;投&nbsp;资&nbsp;不&nbsp;少&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;银&nbsp;子&nbsp;买&nbsp;的&nbsp;应&nbsp;用&nbsp;软&nbsp;体&nbsp;;&nbsp;到&nbsp;时&nbsp;业&nbsp;者&nbsp;开&nbsp;价&nbsp;多&nbsp;少&nbsp;就&nbsp;是&nbsp;多&nbsp;少&nbsp;,&nbsp;客&nbsp;户&nbsp;只&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;好&nbsp;一&nbsp;直&nbsp;被&nbsp;业&nbsp;者&nbsp;牵&nbsp;着&nbsp;鼻&nbsp;子&nbsp;走&nbsp;。&nbsp;以&nbsp;客&nbsp;户&nbsp;的&nbsp;观&nbsp;点&nbsp;来&nbsp;看&nbsp;,&nbsp;事&nbsp;情&nbsp;就&nbsp;是&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;这&nbsp;麽&nbsp;回&nbsp;事&nbsp;,&nbsp;人&nbsp;生&nbsp;也&nbsp;就&nbsp;是&nbsp;如&nbsp;此&nbsp;,&nbsp;除&nbsp;了&nbsp;乖&nbsp;乖&nbsp;的&nbsp;交&nbsp;钱&nbsp;之&nbsp;外&nbsp;,&nbsp;一&nbsp;点&nbsp;法&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;子&nbsp;也&nbsp;没&nbsp;有&nbsp;。&nbsp;但&nbsp;对&nbsp;做&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;研&nbsp;究&nbsp;的&nbsp;人&nbsp;来&nbsp;说&nbsp;,&nbsp;这&nbsp;种&nbsp;封&nbsp;闭&nbsp;式&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;,&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;简&nbsp;直&nbsp;是&nbsp;个&nbsp;大&nbsp;灾&nbsp;难&nbsp;,&nbsp;如&nbsp;果&nbsp;某&nbsp;人&nbsp;在&nbsp;一&nbsp;种&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;上&nbsp;写&nbsp;了&nbsp;个&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;,&nbsp;你&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;就&nbsp;没&nbsp;法&nbsp;在&nbsp;其&nbsp;他&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;上&nbsp;用&nbsp;它&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;於&nbsp;是&nbsp;人&nbsp;们&nbsp;开&nbsp;始&nbsp;大&nbsp;谈&nbsp;open&nbsp;system,&nbsp;企&nbsp;图&nbsp;让&nbsp;使&nbsp;用&nbsp;者&nbsp;把&nbsp;各&nbsp;家&nbsp;厂&nbsp;牌&nbsp;的&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;硬&nbsp;体&nbsp;、&nbsp;软&nbsp;体&nbsp;混&nbsp;起&nbsp;来&nbsp;用&nbsp;,&nbsp;使&nbsp;得&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;业&nbsp;界&nbsp;走&nbsp;上&nbsp;一&nbsp;条&nbsp;新&nbsp;的&nbsp;路&nbsp;子&nbsp;;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;相&nbsp;容&nbsp;性&nbsp;使&nbsp;得&nbsp;客&nbsp;户&nbsp;得&nbsp;到&nbsp;更&nbsp;多&nbsp;的&nbsp;服&nbsp;务&nbsp;和&nbsp;产&nbsp;品&nbsp;;&nbsp;而&nbsp;相&nbsp;互&nbsp;竞&nbsp;争&nbsp;也&nbsp;把&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;产&nbsp;品&nbsp;价&nbsp;格&nbsp;压&nbsp;低&nbsp;下&nbsp;来&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;所&nbsp;以&nbsp;,&nbsp;事&nbsp;实&nbsp;上&nbsp;开&nbsp;放&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;就&nbsp;是&nbsp;Stallman&nbsp;想&nbsp;解&nbsp;放&nbsp;软&nbsp;体&nbsp;的&nbsp;想&nbsp;法&nbsp;;&nbsp;虽&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;然&nbsp;不&nbsp;见&nbsp;得&nbsp;一&nbsp;切&nbsp;都&nbsp;是&nbsp;源&nbsp;自&nbsp;於&nbsp;他&nbsp;一&nbsp;个&nbsp;人&nbsp;的&nbsp;想&nbsp;法&nbsp;。&nbsp;而&nbsp;开&nbsp;放&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;的&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;实&nbsp;质&nbsp;,&nbsp;在&nbsp;於&nbsp;叫&nbsp;做&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;的&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;,&nbsp;和&nbsp;叫&nbsp;C&nbsp;的&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;语&nbsp;言&nbsp;,&nbsp;这&nbsp;点&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;看&nbsp;『&nbsp;热&nbsp;讯&nbsp;』&nbsp;的&nbsp;朋&nbsp;友&nbsp;比&nbsp;我&nbsp;还&nbsp;要&nbsp;懂&nbsp;,&nbsp;二&nbsp;者&nbsp;都&nbsp;是&nbsp;源&nbsp;自&nbsp;於&nbsp;70&nbsp;年&nbsp;代&nbsp;的&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;贝&nbsp;尔&nbsp;实&nbsp;验&nbsp;室&nbsp;(Bell&nbsp;Labs)。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;AT&amp;T&nbsp;的&nbsp;Ken&nbsp;Thompson&nbsp;和&nbsp;Dennis&nbsp;Ritchie&nbsp;开&nbsp;发&nbsp;出&nbsp;UNIX,&nbsp;使&nbsp;它&nbsp;成&nbsp;为&nbsp;写&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;的&nbsp;人&nbsp;梦&nbsp;想&nbsp;成&nbsp;真&nbsp;的&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;。&nbsp;整&nbsp;个&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;是&nbsp;由&nbsp;一&nbsp;些&nbsp;小&nbsp;的&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;tool&nbsp;所&nbsp;组&nbsp;成&nbsp;,&nbsp;每&nbsp;个&nbsp;tool&nbsp;都&nbsp;有&nbsp;一&nbsp;定&nbsp;的&nbsp;功&nbsp;能&nbsp;,&nbsp;把&nbsp;这&nbsp;些&nbsp;tool&nbsp;组&nbsp;合&nbsp;起&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;来&nbsp;,&nbsp;写&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;的&nbsp;人&nbsp;就&nbsp;可&nbsp;叫&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;做&nbsp;出&nbsp;相&nbsp;当&nbsp;复&nbsp;杂&nbsp;的&nbsp;事&nbsp;情&nbsp;来&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;但&nbsp;在&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;上&nbsp;,&nbsp;仍&nbsp;然&nbsp;有&nbsp;不&nbsp;相&nbsp;容&nbsp;的&nbsp;问&nbsp;题&nbsp;。&nbsp;比&nbsp;如&nbsp;在&nbsp;DEC&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;上&nbsp;,&nbsp;用&nbsp;C&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;所&nbsp;写&nbsp;的&nbsp;UNIX,&nbsp;与&nbsp;在&nbsp;IBM&nbsp;上&nbsp;的&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;仍&nbsp;有&nbsp;少&nbsp;数&nbsp;的&nbsp;差&nbsp;别&nbsp;,&nbsp;与&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;Honeywell&nbsp;的&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;又&nbsp;有&nbsp;些&nbsp;不&nbsp;一&nbsp;样&nbsp;。&nbsp;所&nbsp;以&nbsp;在&nbsp;一&nbsp;个&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;上&nbsp;的&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;所&nbsp;需&nbsp;的&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;,&nbsp;也&nbsp;不&nbsp;见&nbsp;得&nbsp;能&nbsp;在&nbsp;另&nbsp;一&nbsp;种&nbsp;机&nbsp;器&nbsp;上&nbsp;用&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;打&nbsp;破&nbsp;专&nbsp;属&nbsp;的&nbsp;OS&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;直&nbsp;到&nbsp;1976&nbsp;年&nbsp;,&nbsp;Thompson&nbsp;和&nbsp;Ritchie&nbsp;才&nbsp;突&nbsp;破&nbsp;这&nbsp;项&nbsp;困&nbsp;难&nbsp;。&nbsp;他&nbsp;们&nbsp;认&nbsp;为&nbsp;,&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;虽&nbsp;然&nbsp;程&nbsp;式&nbsp;用&nbsp;C&nbsp;写&nbsp;是&nbsp;个&nbsp;不&nbsp;错&nbsp;的&nbsp;好&nbsp;主&nbsp;意&nbsp;,&nbsp;但&nbsp;仍&nbsp;然&nbsp;不&nbsp;够&nbsp;好&nbsp;。&nbsp;於&nbsp;是&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;两&nbsp;个&nbsp;人&nbsp;乾&nbsp;脆&nbsp;开&nbsp;始&nbsp;用&nbsp;UNIX,&nbsp;完&nbsp;全&nbsp;取&nbsp;代&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;原&nbsp;有&nbsp;的&nbsp;专&nbsp;属&nbsp;性&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;统&nbsp;;&nbsp;也&nbsp;就&nbsp;是&nbsp;将&nbsp;所&nbsp;有&nbsp;采&nbsp;用&nbsp;开&nbsp;放&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;的&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;,&nbsp;都&nbsp;直&nbsp;接&nbsp;以&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;为&nbsp;作&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;。&nbsp;这&nbsp;点&nbsp;子&nbsp;现&nbsp;在&nbsp;看&nbsp;起&nbsp;来&nbsp;,&nbsp;根&nbsp;本&nbsp;是&nbsp;天&nbsp;经&nbsp;地&nbsp;义&nbsp;,&nbsp;但&nbsp;在&nbsp;当&nbsp;时&nbsp;,&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;每&nbsp;种&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;都&nbsp;有&nbsp;它&nbsp;各&nbsp;自&nbsp;的&nbsp;作&nbsp;业&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;,&nbsp;所&nbsp;以&nbsp;他&nbsp;们&nbsp;的&nbsp;想&nbsp;法&nbsp;的&nbsp;确&nbsp;相&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;当&nbsp;偏&nbsp;激&nbsp;且&nbsp;具&nbsp;高&nbsp;危&nbsp;险&nbsp;性&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;打&nbsp;从&nbsp;那&nbsp;时&nbsp;开&nbsp;始&nbsp;,&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;已&nbsp;不&nbsp;只&nbsp;是&nbsp;个&nbsp;研&nbsp;究&nbsp;上&nbsp;的&nbsp;好&nbsp;材&nbsp;料&nbsp;。&nbsp;1973&nbsp;年&nbsp;,&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;贝&nbsp;尔&nbsp;实&nbsp;验&nbsp;室&nbsp;里&nbsp;大&nbsp;约&nbsp;有&nbsp;25&nbsp;台&nbsp;电&nbsp;脑&nbsp;开&nbsp;始&nbsp;跑&nbsp;UNIX,&nbsp;不&nbsp;久&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;就&nbsp;从&nbsp;这&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;家&nbsp;电&nbsp;话&nbsp;公&nbsp;司&nbsp;扩&nbsp;散&nbsp;出&nbsp;来&nbsp;,&nbsp;到&nbsp;了&nbsp;1977&nbsp;年&nbsp;,&nbsp;已&nbsp;有&nbsp;500&nbsp;多&nbsp;处&nbsp;地&nbsp;方&nbsp;的&nbsp;电&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;脑&nbsp;在&nbsp;用&nbsp;UNIX,&nbsp;包&nbsp;括&nbsp;125&nbsp;家&nbsp;大&nbsp;学&nbsp;,&nbsp;在&nbsp;柏&nbsp;克&nbsp;莱&nbsp;的&nbsp;加&nbsp;州&nbsp;大&nbsp;学&nbsp;就&nbsp;是&nbsp;其&nbsp;中&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;之&nbsp;一&nbsp;。&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;在&nbsp;柏&nbsp;克&nbsp;莱&nbsp;开&nbsp;始&nbsp;走&nbsp;向&nbsp;新&nbsp;的&nbsp;里&nbsp;程&nbsp;碑&nbsp;,&nbsp;也&nbsp;显&nbsp;示&nbsp;如&nbsp;果&nbsp;使&nbsp;用&nbsp;者&nbsp;可&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;用&nbsp;到&nbsp;source&nbsp;code,&nbsp;就&nbsp;可&nbsp;发&nbsp;展&nbsp;出&nbsp;一&nbsp;大&nbsp;堆&nbsp;文&nbsp;化&nbsp;来&nbsp;。&nbsp;当&nbsp;时&nbsp;和&nbsp;其&nbsp;他&nbsp;学&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;校&nbsp;一&nbsp;样&nbsp;,&nbsp;柏&nbsp;克&nbsp;莱&nbsp;得&nbsp;花&nbsp;400&nbsp;美&nbsp;元&nbsp;,&nbsp;向&nbsp;贝&nbsp;尔&nbsp;实&nbsp;验&nbsp;室&nbsp;购&nbsp;买&nbsp;放&nbsp;在&nbsp;磁&nbsp;带&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;里&nbsp;的&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;系&nbsp;统&nbsp;和&nbsp;source&nbsp;code。&nbsp;但&nbsp;大&nbsp;学&nbsp;里&nbsp;的&nbsp;人&nbsp;不&nbsp;单&nbsp;只&nbsp;是&nbsp;去&nbsp;用&nbsp;它&nbsp;,&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;两&nbsp;位&nbsp;杰&nbsp;出&nbsp;的&nbsp;研&nbsp;究&nbsp;生&nbsp;Bill&nbsp;Joy&nbsp;和&nbsp;Chuck&nbsp;Haley&nbsp;开&nbsp;始&nbsp;修&nbsp;改&nbsp;UNIX。&nbsp;1977&nbsp;年&nbsp;<BR>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;,&nbsp;Joy&nbsp;散&nbsp;出&nbsp;去&nbsp;30&nbsp;份&nbsp;免&nbsp;费&nbsp;的&nbsp;BSD&nbsp;(Berkeley&nbsp;Software&nbsp;Distribution)&nbsp;UNIX&nbsp;版&nbsp;<BR>
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