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<TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;reden&nbsp;(鱼&nbsp;～&nbsp;梦娜丽莎的微笑&nbsp;流星的故事),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;DNS&nbsp;Tricks&nbsp;and&nbsp;Tips&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Wed&nbsp;Nov&nbsp;25&nbsp;01:51:41&nbsp;1998)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>DNS&nbsp;Tricks&nbsp;and&nbsp;Tips&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Here&nbsp;are&nbsp;some&nbsp;common&nbsp;tricks&nbsp;and&nbsp;some&nbsp;tips&nbsp;for&nbsp;common&nbsp;problems.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Generating&nbsp;cache&nbsp;file&nbsp;with&nbsp;dig&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Recovering&nbsp;from&nbsp;an&nbsp;SOA&nbsp;typo&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ultrix&nbsp;needs&nbsp;primaries&nbsp;in&nbsp;host&nbsp;file&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SLIP&nbsp;and&nbsp;BIND&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;Lame&nbsp;Delegation?&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Terminology:&nbsp;domain,&nbsp;zone,&nbsp;label&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CNAMEs&nbsp;as&nbsp;RR&nbsp;targets&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Local&nbsp;dummy&nbsp;zones&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Legal&nbsp;characters&nbsp;in&nbsp;hostnames&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Checking&nbsp;if&nbsp;a&nbsp;domain&nbsp;is&nbsp;registered&nbsp;already&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Setting&nbsp;up&nbsp;a&nbsp;resolver&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Given&nbsp;a&nbsp;choice&nbsp;of&nbsp;servers,&nbsp;which&nbsp;one&nbsp;is&nbsp;queried?&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Transferring&nbsp;zones&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;server&nbsp;running&nbsp;Microsoft&nbsp;NT&nbsp;Server&nbsp;4.0&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Generating&nbsp;cache&nbsp;file&nbsp;with&nbsp;dig&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>From&nbsp;Paul&nbsp;A&nbsp;Vixie&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:paul@vix.com>">paul@vix.com></A>&nbsp;and&nbsp;Ruediger&nbsp;Volk&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:rv@zeus.NIC.DTAG.DE>">rv@zeus.NIC.DTAG.DE></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Anyone&nbsp;with&nbsp;DiG&nbsp;installed&nbsp;(which&nbsp;includes&nbsp;anyone&nbsp;running&nbsp;BIND&nbsp;4.9&nbsp;or&nbsp;better)&nbsp;can&nbsp;generate&nbsp;a&nbsp;new&nbsp;cache&nbsp;file&nbsp;by&nbsp;typing&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;%&nbsp;dig&nbsp;<A HREF="mailto:@a.root-servers.net.">@a.root-servers.net.</A>&nbsp;.&nbsp;ns&nbsp;&gt;root.cache&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Check&nbsp;this&nbsp;file&nbsp;by&nbsp;hand&nbsp;before&nbsp;installing&nbsp;it,&nbsp;of&nbsp;course.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Recovering&nbsp;from&nbsp;an&nbsp;SOA&nbsp;typo&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>From&nbsp;Steve&nbsp;Hubert&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:hubert@cac.washington.edu>">hubert@cac.washington.edu></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>It's&nbsp;only&nbsp;hard&nbsp;to&nbsp;recover&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;typo&nbsp;if&nbsp;you're&nbsp;running&nbsp;an&nbsp;old&nbsp;BIND.&nbsp;If&nbsp;your&nbsp;secondaries&nbsp;are&nbsp;4.9&nbsp;or&nbsp;later,&nbsp;then&nbsp;you&nbsp;should&nbsp;<BR>just&nbsp;need&nbsp;two&nbsp;serial&nbsp;number&nbsp;changes&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;back&nbsp;in&nbsp;sync:&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;secondaries&nbsp;catch&nbsp;up&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;typo&nbsp;serial&nbsp;number.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reset&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;(2^31&nbsp;-&nbsp;a&nbsp;little&nbsp;bit)&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;the&nbsp;typo&nbsp;and&nbsp;wait&nbsp;for&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;secondaries&nbsp;to&nbsp;catch&nbsp;up&nbsp;again.&nbsp;You&nbsp;may&nbsp;have&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to&nbsp;wrap&nbsp;the&nbsp;serial&nbsp;number&nbsp;back&nbsp;to&nbsp;zero&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;or&nbsp;the&nbsp;next&nbsp;step.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Set&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;correct&nbsp;value&nbsp;and&nbsp;wait&nbsp;for&nbsp;all&nbsp;the&nbsp;secondaries&nbsp;to&nbsp;catch&nbsp;up.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Also&nbsp;refer&nbsp;to&nbsp;RFC&nbsp;1982.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Ultrix&nbsp;needs&nbsp;primaries&nbsp;in&nbsp;host&nbsp;file&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>From&nbsp;William&nbsp;Gianopoulos&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:wag@swl.msd.ray.com>">wag@swl.msd.ray.com></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>With&nbsp;the&nbsp;stock&nbsp;Ultrix&nbsp;4.3&nbsp;name&nbsp;server&nbsp;(and&nbsp;possibly&nbsp;other&nbsp;releases),&nbsp;all&nbsp;primary&nbsp;nameservers&nbsp;must&nbsp;be&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;/etc/hosts&nbsp;file.&nbsp;<BR>Look&nbsp;out&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;indicative&nbsp;&quot;address&nbsp;of&nbsp;primary&nbsp;server&nbsp;not&nbsp;in&nbsp;local&nbsp;db:&quot;&nbsp;message&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;logs.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>SLIP&nbsp;and&nbsp;DNS&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Based&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;message&nbsp;from&nbsp;Cricket&nbsp;Liu&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:cricket@hp.com>">cricket@hp.com></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Cricket&nbsp;Liu&nbsp;recommends&nbsp;not&nbsp;running&nbsp;a&nbsp;name&nbsp;server&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;site&nbsp;that&nbsp;connects&nbsp;via&nbsp;SLIP,&nbsp;but&nbsp;instead&nbsp;pointing&nbsp;the&nbsp;resolver&nbsp;at&nbsp;<BR>a&nbsp;single&nbsp;name&nbsp;server&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;upstream&nbsp;side&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;SLIP&nbsp;link.&nbsp;If&nbsp;the&nbsp;SLIP&nbsp;link&nbsp;isn't&nbsp;up,&nbsp;the&nbsp;resolver&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;have&nbsp;a&nbsp;route&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;server,&nbsp;and&nbsp;since&nbsp;there's&nbsp;only&nbsp;one&nbsp;name&nbsp;server&nbsp;in&nbsp;resolv.conf,&nbsp;the&nbsp;resolver&nbsp;quickly&nbsp;backs&nbsp;off&nbsp;to&nbsp;using&nbsp;/etc/hosts.&nbsp;This&nbsp;<BR>assumes&nbsp;a&nbsp;reasonable&nbsp;resolver,&nbsp;of&nbsp;course.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>What&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;Lame&nbsp;Delegation?&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>From&nbsp;Bryan&nbsp;Beecher&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:Bryan.Beecher@umich.edu>">Bryan.Beecher@umich.edu></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>A&nbsp;lame&nbsp;delegation&nbsp;is&nbsp;an&nbsp;instance&nbsp;when&nbsp;a&nbsp;nameserver&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;listed&nbsp;as&nbsp;authoritative&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;domain,&nbsp;but&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;seem&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>be&nbsp;performing&nbsp;authoritative&nbsp;service&nbsp;for&nbsp;that&nbsp;domain.&nbsp;That&nbsp;is,&nbsp;the&nbsp;nameserver&nbsp;appears&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;answering&nbsp;out&nbsp;of&nbsp;its&nbsp;cache&nbsp;<BR>instead&nbsp;of&nbsp;out&nbsp;of&nbsp;its&nbsp;data.&nbsp;Note&nbsp;that&nbsp;even&nbsp;a&nbsp;server&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;performing&nbsp;secondary&nbsp;service&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;domain&nbsp;is&nbsp;still&nbsp;an&nbsp;<BR>authoritative&nbsp;server,&nbsp;and&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;returning&nbsp;authoritative&nbsp;data.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Terminology:&nbsp;domain,&nbsp;zone,&nbsp;label&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Based&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;message&nbsp;from&nbsp;Paul&nbsp;Mockapetris&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:pvm@ISI.EDU>">pvm@ISI.EDU></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;domain&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;complete&nbsp;subtree.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;DNS&nbsp;tree,&nbsp;a&nbsp;domain&nbsp;is&nbsp;everything&nbsp;under&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;point&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;tree.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Domains&nbsp;relate&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;naming&nbsp;structure&nbsp;itself,&nbsp;not&nbsp;the&nbsp;way&nbsp;things&nbsp;are&nbsp;distributed.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;zone&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;pruned&nbsp;domain.&nbsp;Pruning&nbsp;occurs&nbsp;when&nbsp;zones&nbsp;are&nbsp;delegated.&nbsp;Zones&nbsp;relate&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;way&nbsp;the&nbsp;database&nbsp;is&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;partitioned&nbsp;and&nbsp;distributed.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;label&nbsp;is&nbsp;one&nbsp;component&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;domain&nbsp;name.&nbsp;Labels&nbsp;need&nbsp;only&nbsp;be&nbsp;unique&nbsp;at&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;point&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;tree,&nbsp;not&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zone:&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;acceptable&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;both&nbsp;NAME.dom.ain&nbsp;and&nbsp;NAME.sub.dom.ain&nbsp;both&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;zone&nbsp;dom.ain.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>CNAMEs&nbsp;as&nbsp;RR&nbsp;targets&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>From&nbsp;RFC&nbsp;1034,&nbsp;Domain&nbsp;Concepts&nbsp;and&nbsp;Facilities&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Section&nbsp;3.6.2,&nbsp;`Aliases&nbsp;and&nbsp;canonical&nbsp;names':&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Domain&nbsp;names&nbsp;in&nbsp;RRs&nbsp;which&nbsp;point&nbsp;at&nbsp;another&nbsp;name&nbsp;should&nbsp;always&nbsp;point&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;primary&nbsp;name&nbsp;and&nbsp;not&nbsp;the&nbsp;alias.&nbsp;In&nbsp;other&nbsp;<BR>words,&nbsp;the&nbsp;names&nbsp;which&nbsp;are&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;right&nbsp;hand&nbsp;side&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;resource&nbsp;record&nbsp;(RR&nbsp;targets)&nbsp;should&nbsp;not&nbsp;be&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;left&nbsp;hand&nbsp;side&nbsp;<BR>of&nbsp;a&nbsp;CNAME&nbsp;resource&nbsp;record.&nbsp;Depending&nbsp;on&nbsp;how&nbsp;smart&nbsp;the&nbsp;resolver&nbsp;software&nbsp;is&nbsp;CNAME&nbsp;targets&nbsp;may&nbsp;work&nbsp;fine,&nbsp;but&nbsp;<BR>depending&nbsp;on&nbsp;correct&nbsp;behaviour&nbsp;in&nbsp;resolvers&nbsp;all&nbsp;around&nbsp;the&nbsp;world&nbsp;is&nbsp;guaranteed&nbsp;to&nbsp;fail&nbsp;somewhere.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Local&nbsp;dummy&nbsp;zones&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Based&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;message&nbsp;from&nbsp;Dave&nbsp;Barr&nbsp;&lt;<A HREF="mailto:barr@math.psu.edu>">barr@math.psu.edu></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>To&nbsp;stop&nbsp;the&nbsp;DNS&nbsp;from&nbsp;doing&nbsp;a&nbsp;lookup&nbsp;when&nbsp;the&nbsp;request&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;localhost,&nbsp;run&nbsp;a&nbsp;local&nbsp;caching-only&nbsp;nameserver&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;set&nbsp;<BR>up&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;a&nbsp;primary&nbsp;for&nbsp;&quot;localhost&quot;&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;&quot;127.in-addr.arpa&quot;&nbsp;and&nbsp;include&nbsp;the&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;DNS&nbsp;data&nbsp;in&nbsp;those&nbsp;zones&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>resolve&nbsp;the&nbsp;respective&nbsp;names/addresses.&nbsp;Then&nbsp;point&nbsp;your&nbsp;/etc/resolv.conf&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;local&nbsp;machine.&nbsp;To&nbsp;be&nbsp;extra&nbsp;safe&nbsp;from&nbsp;<BR>DNS&nbsp;corruption&nbsp;set&nbsp;the&nbsp;server&nbsp;up&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;primary&nbsp;for&nbsp;&quot;255.in-addr.arpa&quot;&nbsp;and&nbsp;&quot;0.in-addr.arpa&quot;&nbsp;also.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Legal&nbsp;characters&nbsp;in&nbsp;hostnames&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Domain&nbsp;names&nbsp;can&nbsp;contain&nbsp;almost&nbsp;any&nbsp;characters.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;host&nbsp;names&nbsp;and&nbsp;mail&nbsp;domain&nbsp;names&nbsp;have&nbsp;restrictions&nbsp;which&nbsp;<BR>only&nbsp;allow&nbsp;the&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;characters&nbsp;`a-z',&nbsp;`A-Z',&nbsp;`0-9',&nbsp;and&nbsp;`-'&nbsp;(dash&nbsp;or&nbsp;minus&nbsp;sign).&nbsp;The&nbsp;`/'&nbsp;and&nbsp;`_'&nbsp;(divide&nbsp;or&nbsp;slash&nbsp;and&nbsp;<BR>
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