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一份很好的linux入门资料

An&nbsp;equivalent&nbsp;Spanish-language&nbsp;message&nbsp;file,&nbsp;es.msg,&nbsp;would&nbsp;contain:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
∶<I>:msgcat::mcset&nbsp;es&nbsp;&quot;Welcome&nbsp;to&nbsp;Tcl!&quot;&nbsp;&quot;隆Bienvenido&nbsp;a&nbsp;Tcl!&quot;&nbsp;</I><BR>
∶<I>:msgcat::mcset&nbsp;es&nbsp;&quot;Select&nbsp;a&nbsp;color:&quot;&nbsp;&quot;Elige&nbsp;un&nbsp;color:&quot;&nbsp;</I><BR>
Internationalization&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;C&nbsp;APIs&nbsp;<BR>
Tcl&nbsp;8.1&nbsp;introduces&nbsp;new&nbsp;C&nbsp;APIs&nbsp;to&nbsp;support&nbsp;all&nbsp;new&nbsp;internationalization&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
features.&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;8.1&nbsp;also&nbsp;introduces&nbsp;new&nbsp;convenience&nbsp;functions&nbsp;for&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
manipulating&nbsp;Unicode/UTF-8&nbsp;strings.&nbsp;By&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;APIs&nbsp;in&nbsp;your&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
applications,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;easily&nbsp;add&nbsp;full&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;support&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
application.&nbsp;Coupled&nbsp;with&nbsp;Tk's&nbsp;powerful&nbsp;font&nbsp;and&nbsp;layout&nbsp;support,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;quickly&nbsp;create&nbsp;fully&nbsp;internationalized&nbsp;applications.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
When&nbsp;programming&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;C&nbsp;APIs,&nbsp;you&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;aware&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
following&nbsp;issues,&nbsp;in&nbsp;addition&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;scripting&nbsp;language&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
internationalization&nbsp;features:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;C&nbsp;APIs&nbsp;now&nbsp;require&nbsp;all&nbsp;strings&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;passed&nbsp;to&nbsp;functions&nbsp;as&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Unicode&nbsp;characters&nbsp;in&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;format.&nbsp;You&nbsp;must&nbsp;convert&nbsp;strings&nbsp;in&nbsp;native&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
system&nbsp;encodings&nbsp;to&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;before&nbsp;passing&nbsp;them&nbsp;to&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;C&nbsp;functions.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Similarly,&nbsp;you&nbsp;must&nbsp;convert&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;strings&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;native&nbsp;system&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
encoding&nbsp;before&nbsp;passing&nbsp;them&nbsp;to&nbsp;system&nbsp;functions.&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;provides&nbsp;functions&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;for&nbsp;handling&nbsp;encodings&nbsp;and&nbsp;converting&nbsp;strings&nbsp;from&nbsp;one&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;to&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
another.&nbsp;See&nbsp;the&nbsp;GetEncoding.3&nbsp;reference&nbsp;page&nbsp;for&nbsp;details.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Because&nbsp;7-bit&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;characters&nbsp;have&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;in&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;format,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
legacy&nbsp;code&nbsp;that&nbsp;uses&nbsp;only&nbsp;7-bit&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;characters&nbsp;functions&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
in&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;8.1&nbsp;as&nbsp;it&nbsp;did&nbsp;in&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;8.0.&nbsp;Therefore,&nbsp;if&nbsp;you're&nbsp;certain&nbsp;that&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
your&nbsp;strings&nbsp;contain&nbsp;only&nbsp;7-bit&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;characters,&nbsp;no&nbsp;conversion&nbsp;is&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
required.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Because&nbsp;strings&nbsp;in&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;are&nbsp;now&nbsp;stored&nbsp;as&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;characters&nbsp;in&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
format,&nbsp;the&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;characters&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;string&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;necessarily&nbsp;equal&nbsp;to&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;the&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;bytes&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;string.&nbsp;In&nbsp;particular,&nbsp;you&nbsp;should&nbsp;no&nbsp;longer&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
use&nbsp;the&nbsp;standard&nbsp;C&nbsp;string&nbsp;functions&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;strlen&nbsp;to&nbsp;count&nbsp;characters&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
in&nbsp;a&nbsp;string.&nbsp;Similarly,&nbsp;other&nbsp;standard&nbsp;C&nbsp;string&nbsp;functions&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
toupper&nbsp;don't&nbsp;work&nbsp;with&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;characters.&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;provides&nbsp;a&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
equivalent&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;string&nbsp;functions,&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;Tcl_NumUtfChars&nbsp;and&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Tcl_UtfToUpper,&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;other&nbsp;convenience&nbsp;functions&nbsp;for&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
manipulating&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;strings.&nbsp;See&nbsp;the&nbsp;Utf.3&nbsp;and&nbsp;UtfToUpper.3&nbsp;reference&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
pages&nbsp;for&nbsp;details.&nbsp;<BR>
Summary:&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;Internationalization&nbsp;Support&nbsp;at&nbsp;a&nbsp;Glance&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;following&nbsp;list&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;quick&nbsp;summary&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;issues&nbsp;you&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
aware&nbsp;of&nbsp;concerning&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;internationalization&nbsp;support&nbsp;introduced&nbsp;in&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Tcl&nbsp;8.1:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
Tcl&nbsp;encodes&nbsp;all&nbsp;strings&nbsp;internally&nbsp;as&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;characters&nbsp;in&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
format.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;introduction&nbsp;of&nbsp;Unicode/UTF-8&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;requires&nbsp;no&nbsp;changes&nbsp;to&nbsp;legacy&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;scripts&nbsp;that&nbsp;use&nbsp;only&nbsp;7-bit&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;characters,&nbsp;because&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
characters&nbsp;corresponding&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;standard&nbsp;7-bit&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;set&nbsp;(up&nbsp;to&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
value&nbsp;0x7F&nbsp;in&nbsp;hexadecimal)&nbsp;have&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;byte&nbsp;values&nbsp;in&nbsp;both&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;and&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
ASCII&nbsp;encoding.&nbsp;Furthermore,&nbsp;because&nbsp;the&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;Unicode/UTF-8&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
is&nbsp;internal&nbsp;to&nbsp;Tcl,&nbsp;most&nbsp;string&nbsp;handling&nbsp;in&nbsp;legacy&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;scripts&nbsp;works&nbsp;the&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;same&nbsp;in&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;8.1&nbsp;as&nbsp;it&nbsp;did&nbsp;in&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;8.0.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
You&nbsp;can&nbsp;specify&nbsp;a&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;character&nbsp;by&nbsp;its&nbsp;four-digit,&nbsp;hexadecimal&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Unicode&nbsp;code&nbsp;value&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;&quot;\uxxxx&quot;&nbsp;escape&nbsp;sequence.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
All&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;string&nbsp;functions&nbsp;properly&nbsp;handle&nbsp;multi-byte&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;characters&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
as&nbsp;single&nbsp;characters.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Tk&nbsp;widgets&nbsp;that&nbsp;display&nbsp;text&nbsp;accept&nbsp;text&nbsp;string&nbsp;arguments&nbsp;in&nbsp;standard&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Unicode/UTF-8&nbsp;encoding.&nbsp;Tk&nbsp;automatically&nbsp;handles&nbsp;any&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;conversion&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;to&nbsp;display&nbsp;the&nbsp;characters&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;font.&nbsp;If&nbsp;the&nbsp;master&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;font&nbsp;that&nbsp;you&nbsp;set&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;widget&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;contain&nbsp;a&nbsp;glyph&nbsp;(a&nbsp;visual&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
representation)&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;Unicode&nbsp;character,&nbsp;Tk&nbsp;attempts&nbsp;to&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
locate&nbsp;a&nbsp;font&nbsp;that&nbsp;does.&nbsp;Where&nbsp;possible,&nbsp;Tk&nbsp;attempts&nbsp;to&nbsp;locate&nbsp;a&nbsp;font&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
that&nbsp;matches&nbsp;as&nbsp;many&nbsp;characteristics&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;widget's&nbsp;master&nbsp;font&nbsp;as&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
possible&nbsp;(for&nbsp;example,&nbsp;weight,&nbsp;slant,&nbsp;etc.).&nbsp;In&nbsp;some&nbsp;cases,&nbsp;Tk&nbsp;is&nbsp;unable&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;a&nbsp;suitable&nbsp;font,&nbsp;even&nbsp;if&nbsp;one&nbsp;is&nbsp;actually&nbsp;installed&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
system.&nbsp;Therefore,&nbsp;for&nbsp;best&nbsp;results,&nbsp;you&nbsp;should&nbsp;try&nbsp;to&nbsp;select&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
widget's&nbsp;master&nbsp;font&nbsp;one&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;capable&nbsp;of&nbsp;handling&nbsp;the&nbsp;characters&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
you&nbsp;expect&nbsp;to&nbsp;display.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;system&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;character&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;used&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;operating&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
system.&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;automatically&nbsp;handles&nbsp;conversions&nbsp;between&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
system&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;when&nbsp;interacting&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Tcl&nbsp;usually&nbsp;can&nbsp;determine&nbsp;a&nbsp;reasonable&nbsp;default&nbsp;system&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;based&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
on&nbsp;the&nbsp;platform&nbsp;and&nbsp;locale&nbsp;settings,&nbsp;but&nbsp;if&nbsp;for&nbsp;some&nbsp;reason&nbsp;it&nbsp;cannot,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
it&nbsp;uses&nbsp;ISO&nbsp;8859-1&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;default&nbsp;system&nbsp;encoding.&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;explicitly&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
set&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;used&nbsp;by&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;system&nbsp;command.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
By&nbsp;default,&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;uses&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;when&nbsp;reading&nbsp;from&nbsp;and&nbsp;writing&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;channels,&nbsp;and&nbsp;converts&nbsp;the&nbsp;text&nbsp;to&nbsp;UTF-8&nbsp;format.&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;change&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
character&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;channel&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;fconfigure&nbsp;-encoding&nbsp;command.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;source&nbsp;command&nbsp;always&nbsp;reads&nbsp;files&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;encoding.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Therefore,&nbsp;Scriptics&nbsp;recommends&nbsp;that&nbsp;whenever&nbsp;possible,&nbsp;you&nbsp;author&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
scripts&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;native&nbsp;system&nbsp;encoding.&nbsp;Furthermore,&nbsp;most&nbsp;common&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
character&nbsp;encodings&nbsp;include&nbsp;the&nbsp;standard&nbsp;7-bit&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;characters&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
subset,&nbsp;so&nbsp;you&nbsp;are&nbsp;usually&nbsp;safe&nbsp;writing&nbsp;scripts&nbsp;using&nbsp;only&nbsp;7-bit&nbsp;ASCII&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
characters.&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;execute&nbsp;a&nbsp;script&nbsp;written&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;different&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
by&nbsp;opening&nbsp;the&nbsp;file,&nbsp;setting&nbsp;the&nbsp;proper&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;fconfigure&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
-encoding&nbsp;command,&nbsp;reading&nbsp;the&nbsp;file&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;variable,&nbsp;and&nbsp;then&nbsp;evaluating&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;the&nbsp;string&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;eval&nbsp;command.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
You&nbsp;can&nbsp;convert&nbsp;a&nbsp;string&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;different&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
convertfrom&nbsp;and&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;convertto&nbsp;commands.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Tcl&nbsp;has&nbsp;built-in&nbsp;knowledge&nbsp;of&nbsp;approximately&nbsp;30&nbsp;common&nbsp;character&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
encodings.&nbsp;The&nbsp;encoding&nbsp;names&nbsp;command&nbsp;displays&nbsp;a&nbsp;list&nbsp;of&nbsp;all&nbsp;known&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
encodings.&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;create&nbsp;additional&nbsp;encodings&nbsp;as&nbsp;described&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Tcl_GetEncoding.3&nbsp;reference&nbsp;page.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;new&nbsp;msgcat&nbsp;package&nbsp;provides&nbsp;a&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;functions&nbsp;for&nbsp;managing&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
multilingual&nbsp;user&nbsp;interfaces.&nbsp;It&nbsp;allows&nbsp;you&nbsp;to&nbsp;define&nbsp;strings&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
message&nbsp;catalog,&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;independent&nbsp;from&nbsp;your&nbsp;application&nbsp;and&nbsp;which&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
you&nbsp;can&nbsp;edit&nbsp;or&nbsp;localize&nbsp;without&nbsp;modifying&nbsp;the&nbsp;application&nbsp;source&nbsp;code.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;See&nbsp;the&nbsp;msgcat.n&nbsp;reference&nbsp;page&nbsp;for&nbsp;more&nbsp;information.&nbsp;<BR>
You&nbsp;should&nbsp;also&nbsp;read&nbsp;the&nbsp;&quot;Internationalization&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;C&nbsp;APIs&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
section&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;document&nbsp;if&nbsp;you&nbsp;use&nbsp;the&nbsp;Tcl&nbsp;APIs&nbsp;in&nbsp;C&nbsp;programs.&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
--&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;桃花坞里桃花庵，桃花庵下桃花仙；桃花仙人种桃树，又摘桃花卖酒钱。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;酒醒只在花前坐，酒醉换来花下眠；半醒半醉日复日，花落花开年复年。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;但愿老死花酒间，不愿鞠躬车马前；车尘马足富者趣，酒盏花枝贫者缘。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;若将富贵比贫贱，一在平地一在天；若将贫贱比车马，他得驱驰我得闲。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;别人笑我忒疯癫，我笑他人看不穿；不见五陵豪杰墓，无花无酒锄做田。&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
※&nbsp;来源:·BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;smth.org·[FROM:&nbsp;202.204.7.234]&nbsp;<BR>


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