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<h2>C</h2><dl>
<dt><dd><strong>C</strong>, 1, 2, 6<dt><dd><strong>C++</strong>, 1, 2, 6<dt><dd><strong>Caesar, Julius</strong>, 352<dt><dd><strong>caller</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of a statement expression, term definition, 204</dl>
<dt><dd>canRead<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>File</code>, 755</dl>
<dt><dd>canWrite<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>File</code>, 756</dl>
<dt><dd>capacity<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>StringBuffer</code>, 551<dt><dd>of class <code>Vector</code>, 658</dl>
<dt><dd>capacityIncrement<strong> field</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>Vector</code>, 655</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>carriage return (</strong>CR<strong>)</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>escape sequence, 27<dt><dd>handling in a<dl>
<dt><dd>character literal, 24<dt><dd>string literal, 25</dl>
<dt><dd>as a line terminator, not input character, 14</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>casting</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><i>See also</i> conversion<dt><dd><code>boolean</code>, 37<dt><dd><code>ClassCastException</code> class, 611<dt><dd>conversion context, 53<dl>
<dt><dd>specification, 67</dl>
<dt><dd>floating-pointing types, 33<dt><dd>integral types, 33<dt><dd>reference types, 67<dt><dd>run-time testing, 303<dt><dd>standard exceptions, <code>ClassCastException</code>, 209<dt><dd>to <code>void</code>, not permitted, 272</dl>
</dl>
<a name="35455"></a>
catch<strong> clause</strong>, 290<p>
<dl>
<dt><dd><code>catch</code><strong> clause</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><i>See also</i> control flow; <code>try</code> statement<dt><dd>exception handling role of, 204<dt><dd>exception idiom defined with, 211</dl>
<dt><dd>ceil<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>Math</code>, 524</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>Cervantes, Miguel de</strong>, 67<dt><dd><strong>characters</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><i>See also</i> <code>Character</code> class; numbers; primitive types; strings<dt><dd>array of, distinguished from strings, 199<dt><dd><code>char</code> type, 30<dl>
<dt><dd><i>See also</i> integral types; numbers; primitive types<dt><dd>value range, 31</dl>
<dt><dd><code>Character</code> class, 471<dt><dd><code>charValue</code> method, of class <code>Character</code>, 474<dt><dd>line terminators, 25<dt><dd>literals<dl>
<dt><dd>escape sequences for, 26<dt><dd>term definition and specification, 24</dl>
<dt><dd>Unicode character set<dl>
<dt><dd>composite, contrasted with the Unicode decomposed characters, 18<dt><dd>handling in package names, 117<dt><dd>lexical grammar use as terminal symbols, 7<dt><dd>relationship to ASCII, 11</dl>
</dl>
<dt><dd>charAt<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>String</code>, 536<dt><dd>of class <code>StringBuffer</code>, 551</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>Chase, Lincoln</strong>, 111<dt><dd><strong>Chaucer, Geoffrey</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><i>Canterbury Tales</i>, 521<dt><dd><i>Troilus and Creseide</i>, 528</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>checking</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><i>See also</i> exceptions, checked; throw<dt><dd><code>checkAccept</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 577<dt><dd><code>checkAccess</code> method<dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 572<dt><dd>of class <code>Thread</code>, 594<dt><dd>of class <code>ThreadGroup</code>, 605</dl>
<dt><dd><code>checkConnect</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 576<dt><dd><code>checkCreateClassLoader</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 572<dt><dd><code>checkDelete</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 576<dt><dd><code>checkError</code> method, of class <code>PrintStream</code>, 739</dl>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><dd><strong>checking</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><code>checkExec</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 573<dt><dd><code>checkExit</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 573<dt><dd><code>checkLink</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 574<dt><dd><code>checkListen</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 577<dt><dd><code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 574<dt><dd><code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 574<dt><dd><code>checkRead</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 575<dt><dd><code>checkSetFactory</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 577<dt><dd><code>checkTopLevelWindow</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 578<dt><dd><code>checkWrite</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 575<dt><dd>for exception handlers, at compile-time, 203</dl>
<dt><dd>checkPackageAccess<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 578</dl>
<dt><dd>checkPackageDefinition<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 578</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>Christie, Agatha</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>hand-writing experts, 325<dt><dd>no method, 465<dt><dd>Poirot's abrupt departure, 264<dt><dd>testing a statement, 273</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>Cicero, Marcus Tullius</strong>, 528<dt><dd><strong>circular declaration</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><i>See also</i> forward reference<dt><dd><code>ClassCircularityError</code> class, 611<dt><dd>of interfaces, compile-time error caused by, 185<dt><dd>of subclasses, compile-time error caused by, 134<dt><dd>of types, in different compilation units, legality of, 118</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>class(es)</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><i>See also</i> fields; inheritance; interfaces; methods; packages; subclasses; superclasses; superinterfaces<dt><dd><code>abstract</code>, 131<dl>
<dt><dd>as array component types, 194<dt><dd>binary compatibility considerations, 242<dt><dd>declaration of, 131<dt><dd>overriding <code>abstract</code> methods in, 158<dt><dd>uses, 132</dl>
<dt><dd>accessibility, 99<dt><dd>binary compatibility considerations, 242</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>class(es)</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>binary representation<dl>
<dt><dd>binary file format requirements, 240<dt><dd>verification of, 220</dl>
<dt><dd>body<dl>
<dt><dd>declarations, binary compatibility considerations, 245<dt><dd>term definition and declarations in, 138</dl>
<dt><dd><code>Class</code> class, 466<dt><dd><code>class</code> file format, binary file format use of, 238<dt><dd><code>Class</code> objects, associated with arrays, 199, 49<dt><dd><code>.class</code> suffix, as name for compiled files, 116<dt><dd><code>ClassCastException</code> class, 611<dt><dd><code>ClassCircularityError</code> class, 611<dt><dd><code>classDepth</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 571<dt><dd><code>ClassFormatError</code> class, 611<dt><dd><code>ClassLoader</code> class, 558<dt><dd><code>classLoaderDepth</code> method, of class <code>SecurityManager</code>, 572<dt><dd><code>ClassNotFoundException</code> class, 611<dt><dd>constructors, binary compatibility considerations, 253<dt><dd>declarations, 128<dl>
<dt><dd>(chapter), 127<dt><dd>LALR(1) grammar productions, 443<dt><dd>specifying direct superclasses in, 133<dt><dd>specifying direct superinterfaces in, 135<dt><dd>term definition, 128</dl>
<dt><dd>as declared entity, 78<dt><dd>exception<dl>
<dt><dd><code>Error</code>, 203, 211<dt><dd><code>Exception</code>, 203, 208<dt><dd><code>RuntimeException</code>, 203, 208<dt><dd><code>Throwable</code>, 201, 202, 208, 463</dl>
<dt><dd>fields, <i>see</i> fields, class<dt><dd><code>final</code><dl>
<dt><dd>binary compatibility considerations, 242<dt><dd>declaration of, 133</dl>
<dt><dd>finalization of, 235<dt><dd>inaccessible, accessing members of, example, 142<dt><dd><code>IncompatibleClassChangeError</code> class, 611<dt><dd>initialization, 223<dl>
<dt><dd>detailed procedure, 225<dt><dd>example, 217<dt><dd>standard exceptions, <code>ExceptionInitializerError</code>, 212</dl>
<dt><dd>instances, <i>see</i> instance(s)</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>class(es)</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>instantiation, preventing, 180<dt><dd>linking<dl>
<dt><dd>at virtual machine startup, 216<dt><dd>initialization, 212, 223, 225<dt><dd>preparation, 212, 221, 226<dt><dd>process description, 220<dt><dd>resolution, 216</dl>
<dt><dd>loading, 218<dl>
<dt><dd>at virtual machine startup, 216<dt><dd>process description, 29<dt><dd>standard errors<dl>
<dt><dd><code>ClassCircularityError</code>, 219<dt><dd><code>ClassFormatError</code>, 219<dt><dd><code>NoClassDefFoundError</code>, 219</dl>
</dl>
<dt><dd>members, 86<dl>
<dt><dd>declarations, 138<dl>
<dt><dd>binary compatibility considerations, 245</dl>
</dl>
<dt><dd>methods<dl>
<dt><dd>class, 160<dt><dd>interface, 169<dt><dd>non-<code>static</code>, 160<dt><dd><code>static</code>, 160</dl>
<dt><dd>names<dl>
<dt><dd>fully qualified, 105<dt><dd>scope of, 130</dl>
<dt><dd>naming conventions, 108<dt><dd><code>NoClassDefFoundError</code> class, 611<dt><dd>non-<code>public</code>, in example of qualified names and access control, 101<dt><dd>objects have, while variables have types, 47<dt><dd>as package members, 85<dt><dd>preparation, 221<dl>
<dt><dd>at virtual machine startup, 216<dt><dd>standard exceptions, <code>AbstractMethodError</code>, 212</dl>
<dt><dd>preventing instantiation of, 132<dt><dd><code>public</code><dl>
<dt><dd>access control in, 99<dt><dd>binary compatibility considerations, 243<dt><dd>in example of qualified names and access control, 101</dl>
<dt><dd>references to, binary file format requirements, 239<dt><dd>resolution<dl>
<dt><dd>at virtual machine startup, 216<dt><dd>process description, 221<dt><dd>standard exceptions<dl>
<dt><dd><code>IllegalAccessError</code>, 221<dt><dd><code>IncompatibleClassChangeError</code>, 221<dt><dd><code>InstantiationError</code>, 222</dl>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>class(es)</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>resolution<dl>
<dt><dd>standard exceptions<dl>
<dt><dd><code>NoSuchFieldError</code>, 222<dt><dd><code>NoSucMethodError</code>, 222</dl>
</dl>
<dt><dd>scope of, 81<dt><dd>standard, <i>see</i> standard classes<dt><dd>standard exceptions<dl>
<dt><dd><code>ClassCastException</code>, 209, 69<dt><dd><code>ClassNotFoundException</code>, 210, 468, 559, 560<dt><dd><code>Error</code>, 208<dt><dd><code>Exception</code>, 208<dt><dd><code>RuntimeException</code>, 208<dt><dd><code>Throwable</code>, 208</dl>
<dt><dd>static initializers, 175<dl>
<dt><dd>binary compatibility considerations, 259</dl>
<dt><dd>type declarations, as members of packages, 124<dt><dd>unloading of, 235<dt><dd>variables<dl>
<dt><dd>default values, 46<dt><dd>specification, 145, 44</dl>
<dt><dd>verification<dl>
<dt><dd>at virtual machine startup, 216<dt><dd>standard exceptions, <code>VerifyError</code>, 212</dl>
</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>classification</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>reclassification of contextually ambiguous names, 91<dt><dd>syntactic, of a name according to context, 90</dl>
<dt><dd>clear<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>BitSet</code>, 620<dt><dd>of class <code>Hashtable</code>, 638</dl>
<dt><dd>clearChanged<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>Observable</code>, 644</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>cloning</strong><dl>
<dt><dd><code>clone</code> method<dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>BitSet</code>, 620<dt><dd>of class <code>Hashtable</code>, 636<dt><dd>of class <code>Object</code>, 460<dt><dd>of class <code>Vector</code>, 656</dl>
<dt><dd><code>Cloneable</code> interface, 465<dt><dd><code>CloneNotSupportedException</code> class, 611</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>CLOS (Common Lisp Object System)</strong>, 4<dt><dd>close<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>FileInputStream</code>, 686<dt><dd>of class <code>FileOutputStream</code>, 723<dt><dd>of class <code>FilterInputStream</code>, 697<dt><dd>of class <code>FilterOutputStream</code>, 731<dt><dd>of class <code>InputStream</code>, 682<dt><dd>of class <code>OutputStream</code>, 721<dt><dd>of class <code>PipedInputStream</code>, 688<dt><dd>of class <code>PipedOutputStream</code>, 726</dl>
<dt><dd>close<strong> method</strong><dl>
<dt><dd>of class <code>PrintStream</code>, 739<dt><dd>of class <code>RandomAccessFile</code>, 746<dt><dd>of class <code>SequenceInputStream</code>, 695</dl>
<dt><dd><strong>code generation</strong><dl>
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