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</a><a href="8.doc.html#18988"><dt><dd>8.1.5 Class Body and Member Declarations 138</a></dl><a href="8.doc.html#21831"><dt><dd>8.2 Class Members 138</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#30229"><dt><dd>8.2.1 Examples of Inheritance 139</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#40830"><dt><dd>8.2.1.1 Example: Inheritance with Default Access 140</a><a href="8.doc.html#40862"><dt><dd>8.2.1.2 Inheritance with public and protected 141</a><a href="8.doc.html#40879"><dt><dd>8.2.1.3 Inheritance with private 141</a><a href="8.doc.html#23530"><dt><dd>8.2.1.4 Accessing Members of Inaccessible Classes 142</a></dl></dl><a href="8.doc.html#40898"><dt><dd>8.3 Field Declarations 143</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#78091"><dt><dd>8.3.1 Field Modifiers 144</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#37544"><dt><dd>8.3.1.1 static Fields 145</a><a href="8.doc.html#35962"><dt><dd>8.3.1.2 final Fields 146</a><a href="8.doc.html#78119"><dt><dd>8.3.1.3 transient Fields 147</a><a href="8.doc.html#36930"><dt><dd>8.3.1.4 volatile Fields 147</a></dl><a href="8.doc.html#24510"><dt><dd>8.3.2 Initialization of Fields 149</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#38010"><dt><dd>8.3.2.1 Initializers for Class Variables 149</a><a href="8.doc.html#38013"><dt><dd>8.3.2.2 Initializers for Instance Variables 150</a></dl><a href="8.doc.html#40425"><dt><dd>8.3.3 Examples of Field Declarations 151</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#40428"><dt><dd>8.3.3.1 Example: Hiding of Class Variables 151</a><a href="8.doc.html#229119"><dt><dd>8.3.3.2 Example: Hiding of Instance Variables 152</a><a href="8.doc.html#40491"><dt><dd>8.3.3.3 Example: Multiply Inherited Fields 153</a><a href="8.doc.html#40528"><dt><dd>8.3.3.4 Example: Re-inheritance of Fields 154</a></dl></dl><a href="8.doc.html#40420"><dt><dd>8.4 Method Declarations 155</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#38698"><dt><dd>8.4.1 Formal Parameters 156</a><a href="8.doc.html#38649"><dt><dd>8.4.2 Method Signature 157</a><a href="8.doc.html#78188"><dt><dd>8.4.3 Method Modifiers 157</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#34484"><dt><dd>8.4.3.1 abstract Methods 158</a><a href="8.doc.html#229128"><dt><dd>8.4.3.2 static Methods 160</a><a href="8.doc.html#11246"><dt><dd>8.4.3.3 final Methods 160</a><a href="8.doc.html#31125"><dt><dd>8.4.3.4 native Methods 161</a><a href="8.doc.html#55408"><dt><dd>8.4.3.5 synchronized Methods 161</a></dl><a href="8.doc.html#78323"><dt><dd>8.4.4 Method Throws 163</a><a href="8.doc.html#37316"><dt><dd>8.4.5 Method Body 164</a><a href="8.doc.html#228745"><dt><dd>8.4.6 Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding 165</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#227927"><dt><dd>8.4.6.1 Overriding (By Instance Methods) 165</a><a href="8.doc.html#227928"><dt><dd>8.4.6.2 Hiding (By Class Methods) 165</a><a href="8.doc.html#227965"><dt><dd>8.4.6.3 Requirements in Overriding and Hiding 166</a><a href="8.doc.html#227941"><dt><dd>8.4.6.4 Inheriting Methods with the Same Signature 166</a></dl><a href="8.doc.html#227768"><dt><dd>8.4.7 Overloading 167</a><a href="8.doc.html#39598"><dt><dd>8.4.8 Examples of Method Declarations 168</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#39600"><dt><dd>8.4.8.1 Example: Overriding 168</a><a href="8.doc.html#39617"><dt><dd>8.4.8.2 Example: Overloading, Overriding, and Hiding 168</a><a href="8.doc.html#39638"><dt><dd>8.4.8.3 Example: Incorrect Overriding 169</a><a href="8.doc.html#39655"><dt><dd>8.4.8.4 Example: Overriding versus Hiding 170</a><a href="8.doc.html#229207"><dt><dd>8.4.8.5 Example: Invocation of Hidden Class Methods 171</a><a href="8.doc.html#229149"><dt><dd>8.4.8.6 Large Example of Overriding 172</a><a href="8.doc.html#229203"><dt><dd>8.4.8.7 Example: Incorrect Overriding because of Throws 174</a></dl></dl><a href="8.doc.html#39245"><dt><dd>8.5 Static Initializers 175</a><a href="8.doc.html#41652"><dt><dd>8.6 Constructor Declarations 176</a><dl><a href="8.doc.html#29488"><dt><dd>8.6.1 Formal Parameters 177</a><a href="8.doc.html#41990"><dt><dd>8.6.2 Constructor Signature 177</a><a href="8.doc.html#42018"><dt><dd>8.6.3 Constructor Modifiers 177</a><a href="8.doc.html#244611"><dt><dd>8.6.4 Constructor Throws 178</a><a href="8.doc.html#78435"><dt><dd>8.6.5 Constructor Body 178</a><a href="8.doc.html#229266"><dt><dd>8.6.6 Constructor Overloading 180</a><a href="8.doc.html#16823"><dt><dd>8.6.7 Default Constructor 180</a><a href="8.doc.html#16830"><dt><dd>8.6.8 Preventing Instantiation of a Class 180</a></dl></dl><a href="9.doc.html"><H2> 9 Interfaces 183</H2></a><dl><a href="9.doc.html#35470"><dt><dd>9.1 Interface Declarations 184</a><dl><a href="9.doc.html#39713"><dt><dd>9.1.1 Scope of an Interface Type Name 184</a><a href="9.doc.html#235947"><dt><dd>9.1.2 Interface Modifiers 184</a><dl><a href="9.doc.html#30820"><dt><dd>9.1.2.1 abstract Interfaces 184</a></dl><a href="9.doc.html#78598"><dt><dd>9.1.3 Superinterfaces 185</a><a href="9.doc.html#236431"><dt><dd>9.1.4 Interface Body and Member Declarations 185</a><a href="9.doc.html#17144"><dt><dd>9.1.5 Access to Interface Member Names 186</a></dl><a href="9.doc.html#32392"><dt><dd>9.2 Interface Members 186</a><a href="9.doc.html#78642"><dt><dd>9.3 Field (Constant) Declarations 186</a><dl><a href="9.doc.html#40720"><dt><dd>9.3.1 Initialization of Fields in Interfaces 187</a><a href="9.doc.html#40595"><dt><dd>9.3.2 Examples of Field Declarations 188</a><dl><a href="9.doc.html#40596"><dt><dd>9.3.2.1 Ambiguous Inherited Fields 188</a><a href="9.doc.html#40599"><dt><dd>9.3.2.2 Multiply Inherited Fields 188</a></dl></dl><a href="9.doc.html#78651"><dt><dd>9.4 Abstract Method Declarations 189</a><dl><a href="9.doc.html#40247"><dt><dd>9.4.1 Inheritance and Overriding 189</a><a href="9.doc.html#236017"><dt><dd>9.4.2 Overloading 190</a><a href="9.doc.html#40248"><dt><dd>9.4.3 Examples of Abstract Method Declarations 190</a><dl><a href="9.doc.html#40734"><dt><dd>9.4.3.1 Example: Overriding 190</a><a href="9.doc.html#40735"><dt><dd>9.4.3.2 Example: Overloading 191</a></dl></dl></dl><a href="10.doc.html"><H2> 10 Arrays 193</H2></a><dl><a href="10.doc.html#25518"><dt><dd>10.1 Array Types 194</a><a href="10.doc.html#25891"><dt><dd>10.2 Array Variables 194</a><a href="10.doc.html#25959"><dt><dd>10.3 Array Creation 195</a><a href="10.doc.html#25566"><dt><dd>10.4 Array Access 195</a><a href="10.doc.html#54000"><dt><dd>10.5 Arrays: A Simple Example 196</a><a href="10.doc.html#11358"><dt><dd>10.6 Arrays Initializers 196</a><a href="10.doc.html#11364"><dt><dd>10.7 Array Members 197</a><a href="10.doc.html#40879"><dt><dd>10.8 Class Objects for Arrays 199</a><a href="10.doc.html#25726"><dt><dd>10.9 An Array of Characters is Not a String 199</a><a href="10.doc.html#11430"><dt><dd>10.10 Array Store Exception 199</a></dl><a href="11.doc.html"><H2> 11 Exceptions 201</H2></a><dl><a href="11.doc.html#44088"><dt><dd>11.1 The Causes of Exceptions 202</a><a href="11.doc.html#44121"><dt><dd>11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions 203</a><dl><a href="11.doc.html#44147"><dt><dd>11.2.1 Why Errors are Not Checked 203</a><a href="11.doc.html#44149"><dt><dd>11.2.2 Why Runtime Exceptions are Not Checked 203</a></dl><a href="11.doc.html#44153"><dt><dd>11.3 Handling of an Exception 204</a><dl><a href="11.doc.html#44199"><dt><dd>11.3.1 Exceptions are Precise 205</a><a href="11.doc.html#44202"><dt><dd>11.3.2 Handling Asynchronous Exceptions 205</a></dl><a href="11.doc.html#44218"><dt><dd>11.4 An Example of Exceptions 206</a><a href="11.doc.html#44278"><dt><dd>11.5 The Exception Hierarchy 208</a><dl><a href="11.doc.html#44285"><dt><dd>11.5.1 The Classes Exception and RuntimeException 208</a><dl><a href="11.doc.html#44287"><dt><dd>11.5.1.1 Standard Runtime Exceptions 208</a><a href="11.doc.html#44328"><dt><dd>11.5.1.2 Standard Checked Exceptions 210</a></dl><a href="11.doc.html#44367"><dt><dd>11.5.2 The Class Error 211</a><dl><a href="11.doc.html#44372"><dt><dd>11.5.2.1 Loading and Linkage Errors 211</a><a href="11.doc.html#44395"><dt><dd>11.5.2.2 Virtual Machine Errors 212</a></dl></dl></dl><a href="12.doc.html"><H2> 12 Execution 215</H2></a><dl><a href="12.doc.html#44444"><dt><dd>12.1 Virtual Machine Start-Up 215</a><dl><a href="12.doc.html#46619"><dt><dd>12.1.1 Load the Class Test 216</a><a href="12.doc.html#46620"><dt><dd>12.1.2 Link Test: Verify, Prepare, (Optionally) Resolve 216</a><a href="12.doc.html#46634"><dt><dd>12.1.3 Initialize Test: Execute Initializers 217</a><a href="12.doc.html#47024"><dt><dd>12.1.4 Invoke Test.main 218</a></dl><a href="12.doc.html#44459"><dt><dd>12.2 Loading of Classes and Interfaces 218</a><dl><a href="12.doc.html#47907"><dt><dd>12.2.1 The Loading Process 219</a><a href="12.doc.html#44484"><dt><dd>12.2.2 Loading: Implications for Code Generation 219</a></dl><a href="12.doc.html#44487"><dt><dd>12.3 Linking of Classes and Interfaces 220</a><dl><a href="12.doc.html#44491"><dt><dd>12.3.1 Verification of the Binary Representation 220</a><a href="12.doc.html#47979"><dt><dd>12.3.2 Preparation of a Class or Interface Type 221</a><a href="12.doc.html#44524"><dt><dd>12.3.3 Resolution of Symbolic References 221</a><a href="12.doc.html#44547"><dt><dd>12.3.4 Linking: Implications for Code Generation 222</a></dl><a href="12.doc.html#44557"><dt><dd>12.4 Initialization of Classes and Interfaces 223</a><dl><a href="12.doc.html#44560"><dt><dd>12.4.1 When Initialization Occurs 223</a><a href="12.doc.html#44630"><dt><dd>12.4.2 Detailed Initialization Procedure 225</a><a href="12.doc.html#44667"><dt><dd>12.4.3 Initialization: Implications for Code Generation 227</a></dl><a href="12.doc.html#44670"><dt><dd>12.5 Creation of New Class Instances 228</a><a href="12.doc.html#44748"><dt><dd>12.6 Finalization of Class Instances 231</a><dl><a href="12.doc.html#44760"><dt><dd>12.6.1 Implementing Finalization 232</a><a href="12.doc.html#44837"><dt><dd>12.6.2 Finalizer Invocations are Not Ordered 234</a></dl><a href="12.doc.html#48744"><dt><dd>12.7 Finalization of Classes 235</a><a href="12.doc.html#44850"><dt><dd>12.8 Unloading of Classes and Interfaces 235</a><a href="12.doc.html#44857"><dt><dd>12.9 Virtual Machine Exit 235</a></dl><a href="13.doc.html"><H2> 13 Binary Compatibility 237</H2></a><dl><a href="13.doc.html#44909"><dt><dd>13.1 The Form of a Java Binary 238</a><a href="13.doc.html#44952"><dt><dd>13.2 What Binary Compatibility Is and Is Not 240</a><a href="13.doc.html#47338"><dt><dd>13.3 Evolution of Packages 242</a><a href="13.doc.html#44977"><dt><dd>13.4 Evolution of Classes 242</a><dl><a href="13.doc.html#44980"><dt><dd>13.4.1 abstract Classes 242</a><a href="13.doc.html#44987"><dt><dd>13.4.2 final Classes 242</a><a href="13.doc.html#44990"><dt><dd>13.4.3 public Classes 243</a><a href="13.doc.html#44994"><dt><dd>13.4.4 Superclasses and Superinterfaces 243</a><a href="13.doc.html#45037"><dt><dd>13.4.5 Class Body and Member Declarations 245</a><a href="13.doc.html#47259"><dt><dd>13.4.6 Access to Members and Constructors 248</a><a href="13.doc.html#45118"><dt><dd>13.4.7 Field Declarations 249</a><a href="13.doc.html#45139"><dt><dd>13.4.8 final Fields and Constants 250</a><a href="13.doc.html#45190"><dt><dd>13.4.9 static Fields 253</a><a href="13.doc.html#45192"><dt><dd>13.4.10 transient Fields 253</a><a href="13.doc.html#45194">⌨️ 快捷键说明
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