rfc1076.txt

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   and will always be written as
       ID("some arbitrary string")
   in this RFC.

   There are situations where it is necessary to specify a type but give
   no value, such as when referring to the name of the data.  In this
   situation, the same notation is used, but with the value omitted:
       ID   or  ID()   or   ID{}
   Such objects have zero length and no contents.  The latter two forms
   are used when a distinction is being made between simple and
   composite data, but the difference is just notation -- the
   representation is the same.

   ASN.1 distinguishes between four "classes" of tags: universal,
   application-specific, context-dependent, and reserved.  HEMS and this
   query language use the first three.  Universal tags are assigned in
   the ASN.1 standard and its addendums for common types, and are
   understood by any application using ASN.1.  Application-specific tags
   are limited in scope to a particular application.  These are used for
   "well-known" identifiers that must be recognizable in any context,
   such as derived data types.  Finally, context-dependent tags are used
   for objects whose meaning is dependent upon where they are
   encountered.  Most tags that identify data are context-dependent.

5. DATA ORGANIZATION

   Data in a monitored entity is modeled as a hierarchy.
   Implementations are not required to organize the data internally as a
   hierarchy, but they must provide this view of the data through the
   query language.  A hierarchy offers useful structure for the
   following operations:





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   Organization    A hierarchy allows related data to be grouped
                   together in a natural way.

   Naming          The name of a piece of data is just the path from the
                   root to the data of interest.

   Mapping onto ASN.1
                   ASN.1 can easily represent a hierarchy by using a
                   "constructor" type as an envelope for an entire
                   subtree.

   Efficient Representation
                   Hierarchical structures are compact and can be
                   traversed quickly.

   Safe Locking    If it is necessary to lock part of the hierarchy (for
                   example, when doing an update), locking an entire
                   subtree can be done efficiently and safely, with no
                   danger of deadlock.

   We will use the term "data tree" to refer to this entire structure.
   Note that this internal model is completely independent of the
   external ASN.1 representation -- any other suitable representation
   would do.  For the sake of efficiency, we do make a one-to-one
   mapping between ASN.1 tags and the (internal) names of the nodes.
   The same could be done for any other external representation.

   Each node in the hierarchy must have names for its component parts.
   Although we would normally think of names as being ASCII strings such
   as "input errors", the actual name is just an ASN.1 tag.  Such names
   are small integers (typically, less than 30) and so can easily be
   mapped by the monitored entity onto its internal representation.

   We use the term "dictionary" to mean an internal node in the
   hierarchy.  Leaf nodes contain the actual data.  A dictionary may
   contain both leaf nodes and other dictionaries.

5.1 Example Data Tree

   Here is a possible organization of the hierarchy in an entity that
   has several network interfaces and does IP routing.  The exact
   organization of data in entities is specified in RFC-1024.  This
   skeletal data tree will be used throughout this RFC in query
   examples.

          System {
                  name                            -- host name
                  clock-msec                      -- msec since boot



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                  interfaces                      -- # of interfaces
                  memory
                  }
          Interfaces {                            -- one per interface
                  InterfaceData{ address, mtu, netMask, ARP{...}, ... }
                  InterfaceData{ address, mtu, netMask, ARP{...}, ... }
                                  :
                  }
          IPRouting {
                  Entry{ ip-addr, interface, cost, ... }
                  Entry{ ip-addr, interface, cost, ... }
                                  :
                  }

      There are three top-level dictionaries in this hierarchy (System,
      Interfaces, and IPRouting) and three other dictionary types
      (InterfaceData, Entry, and ARP), each with multiple instances.

      The "name" of the clock in this entity would be:
          system{ clock-msec }
      and the name of a routing table entry's IP address would be:
          IPRouting{ Entry{ ip-addr } }.

      More than one piece of data can be named by a single ASN.1 object.
      The entire collection of system information is named by:
          system
      and the name of a routing table's IP address and cost would be:
          IPRouting{ Entry{ ip-addr, cost } }.

5.2 Arrays

   There is one sub-type of a dictionary that is used as the basis for
   tables of objects with identical types.  We call these dictionaries
   arrays.  In the example above, the dictionaries for interfaces,
   routing tables, and ARP tables are all arrays.

   In the examples above, the "ip-addr" and "cost" fields are named.  In
   fact, these names refer to the field values for ALL of the routing
   table entries -- the name doesn't (and can't) specify which routing
   table entry is intended.  This ambiguity is a problem wherever data
   is organized in tables.  If there was a meaningful index for such
   tables (e.g., "routing table entry #1"), there would be no problem.
   Unfortunately, there usually isn't such an index.  The solution to
   this problem requires that the data be accessed on the basis of some
   of its content.  Filters, discussed in section 8.6, provide this
   mechanism.

   The primary difference between arrays and plain dictionaries is that



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   arrays may contain only one type of item, while dictionaries, in
   general, will contain many different types of items.  For example,
   the dictionary IPRouting (which is an array) will contain only items
   of type Entry.

   The fact that these objects are viewed externally as arrays or tables
   does not mean that they are represented in an implementation as
   linear lists of objects.  Any collection of same-typed objects is
   viewed as an array, even though it might be stored internally in some
   other format, for example, as a hash table.

6. COMPONENTS OF A QUERY

   A HEMS query consists of a sequence of ASN.1 objects, interpreted by
   a simple stack-based interpreter.  [Although we define the query
   language in terms of the operations of a stack machine, the language
   does not require an implementation to use a stack machine.  This is a
   well-understood model, and is easy to implement.]  One ASN.1 tag is
   reserved for operation codes; all other tags indicate data that will
   eventually be used by an operation.  These objects are pushed onto
   the stack when received.  Opcodes are immediately executed and may
   remove or add items to the stack.  Because ASN.1 itself provides
   tags, very little needs to be done to the incoming ASN.1 objects to
   make them suitable for use by the query interpreter.

   Each ASN.1 object in a query will fit into one of the following
   categories:

   Opcode    An opcode tells the query interpreter to perform an action.
             They are described in detail in section 8.  Opcodes are
             represented by an application-specific type whose value
             determines the operation.

   Template  These are objects that name one or more items in the data
             tree.  Named items may be either simple items (leaf nodes)
             or entire dictionaries, in which case the entire subtree
             "underneath" the dictionary is understood.  Templates are
             used to select specific data to be retrieved from the data
             tree.  A template may be either simple or structured,
             depending upon what it is naming.  A template only names
             the data -- there are no values contained in it.  Therefore
             the leaf objects in a template will all have a length of
             zero.

             Examples of very simple templates are:
                 name()   or   System{}
             Each of these is just one ASN.1 data object, with zero
             length.  The first names a single data item in the "System"



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             dictionary (and must appear in that context), and the
             second names the entire "System" dictionary.  A more
             complex template such as:
                 Interfaces{ InterfaceData{ address, netMask, ARP } }
             names two simple data items and a dictionary, iterated over
             all occurrences of "InterfaceData" within the Interfaces
             array.

   Path      A path is a special case of a template that names only a
             single node in the tree.  It specifies a path down into the
             dictionary tree and names exactly one node in the
             dictionary tree.

   Value     These are used to give data values when needed in a query,
             for example, when changing a value in the data tree.  A
             value can be thought of as either a filled-in template or
             as the ASN.1 representation some part of the data tree.

   Filter    A boolean expression that can be executed in the context of
             a particular dictionary that is used to select or not
             select items in the dictionary.  The expressions consist of
             the primitives "equal", "greater-or-equal",
             "less-or-equal", and "present" possibly joined by "and",
             "or", and "not".  (See section 8.6.)

   Values, Paths, and Templates usually have names in the context-
   dependent class, except for a few special cases, which are in the
   application-specific class.

7. REPLY TO A QUERY

   The data returned to the monitoring entity is a sequence of ASN.1
   data items.  Conceptually, the reply is a subset of the data tree,
   where the query selects which portions are to be included.  This is
   exactly true for data retrieval requests, and essentially true for
   data modification requests -- the reply contains the data after it
   has been modified.  The key point is that the data in a reply
   represents the state of the data tree immediately after the query was
   executed.

   The sequence of the data is determined by the sequence of query
   language operations and the order of data items within Templates and
   Values given as input to these operations.  If a query requests data
   from two of the top-level dictionaries in the data tree, by giving
   two templates such as:

          System{ name, interfaces }
          Interfaces{



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                  InterfaceData { address, netMask, mtu }
                  }

   then the response will consist of two ASN.1 data objects, as follows:

          System {
                  name("system name"),
                  interfaces(2)
                  }
          Interfaces {
                  InterfaceData { address(36.8.0.1),
                                  netMask(FFFF0000),
                                  mtu(1500)
                                  }
                  InterfaceData { address(10.1.0.1),
                                  mtu(1008),
                                  netMask(FF000000)
                                  }
                  }

   With few exceptions, each of the data items in the hierarchy is named
   in the context-specific ASN.1 type space.  Because of this, the
   returned objects must be fully qualified.  For example, the name of
   the entity must always be returned encapsulated inside an ASN.1
   object for "System".  If it were not, there would be no way to tell
   if the object that was returned was "name" inside the "System"
   dictionary or "address" inside the "interfaces" dictionary (assuming
   in this case that "name" and "address" were assigned the same integer
   as their ASN.1 tags).

   Having fully-qualified data simplifies decoding of the data at the
   receiving end and allows the tags to be locally chosen.  Definitions
   for tags within routing tables won't conflict with definitions for
   tags within interfaces.  Therefore, the people doing the name
   assignments are less constrained.  In addition, most of the
   identifiers will be fairly small integers, which is an advantage