linux选修课讲义台大计中unix讲义.htm

台大计中UNIX讲义

yppasswd                change your password

man  <name>             see the manual page of <name>

who                     who is logged in on the system

whoami                  display the effective current username

w                       who is logged in, and what are they doing

groups <username>       show the user's group name

quota -v <username>     show the quota limited on user

du                      disply disk usage

pwd                     print working directory name

cd <dirname>            change directory to another directory

cd                      change directory to your home directory

ls                      list the contents of a directory
    options:
    -a      list all entries
    -l      list in long format
    -g      show the group ownership
    -R      recursively list subdirectories encoutered
    -F      mark directories with '/', executable files
            with '*'

    <eg>    ls -al
            ls -lF

cat <filename>          catenate and display a file

more <filename>         display a file page by page

echo                    display a string
    <eg>    %echo Hello World
            Hello World
            %

cp <file1> <file2>      copy files

rm <filename>           remove a file
rm -r <dirname>         recursively remove a directory

mv <filename> <newname> rename a file (directory)
mv <filename> <dirname> move a file to the directory

mkdir <dirname>         creat a new directory
rmdir <dirname>         remove an empty directory

ln <filename>           link a file
    option: -s      symbolic link

chmod <Mode> <filename> change the permission mode of file
    absolute:400  read by owner
             200  write by owner
             100  execute by owner
             040  read by group
             020  write by group
             010  execute by group
             004  read by others
             002  write by others
             001  execute by others
    symbolic:u  user(owner)
             g  group
             o  others
             a  all
             r  read access
             w  write access
             x  execute access

    <eg>    chmod 777 test.1
            chmod a+r,a+x,a+w test.1

sort <filename>                 sort a file

talk <username>[@<hostname>]    talk with other

mesg [y/n]                      allow others to talk to you

history                         list your used commands

jobs                            list of background jobs

kill                            terminate process
    <eg>    %kill -9 -1    //kill all processes
            %kill -9 1234  //kill process #1234

ps                              listing your process
    <eg>    %ps
            PID     TTY     TIME    COMMAND
            3211    p0      0:00    - (csh)
            1568    p0      0:00    ps
            3456    p0      0:01    vi /tmp/snd.3476
            3455    p0      0:01    elm
            %kill -9 3456
            %ps
            PID     TTY     TIME    COMMAND
            3211    p0      0:00    - (csh)
            1570    p0      0:00    ps
            3455    p0      0:01    elm

using floppy:
    mdir                        list msdos disk
    mcopy  a:dosfile unixfile   transfer files from/to floppy
    mcopy  unixfile a:dosfile
    mdel  a:dosfile             delete floppy files
    eject                       eject floppy files disk

附录Ｂ   A very brief look at Unix history
      Unix history goes back to 1969 and the famous "little-used PDP-7
      in a corner" on which Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie (the R in K&R)
      and others started work on what was to become Unix.  The name
      "Unix" was intended as a pun on Multics (and was written "Unics"
      at first -- UNiplexed Information and Computing System).

      For the first 10 years, Unix development was essentially confined
      to Bell Labs.  These initial versions were labeled "Version n" or
      "Nth Edition" (of the manuals), and were for DEC's PDP-11 (16
      bits) and later VAXen (32 bits).  Some significant versions
      include:

      V1 (1971):  1st Unix version, in assembler on a PDP-11/20.
         Included file system, fork(), roff, ed.  Was used as a text
         processing tool for preparation of patents.  Pipe() appeared
         first in V2!

      V4 (1973):  Rewritten in C, which is probably the most
         significant event in this OS's history: it means Unix can be
         ported to a new hardware in months, and changes are easy.  The
         C language was originally designed for the Unix operating
         system, and hence there is a strong synergy between C and Unix.

      V6 (1975):  First version of Unix widely available outside
         Bell Labs (esp.  in universities).  This was also the start of
         Unix diversity and popularity.  1.xBSD (PDP-11) was derived
         from this version.  J. Lions published "A commentary on the
         Unix Operating System" based on V6.

      V7 (1979):  For many, this is the "last true Unix", an
         "improvement over all preceding and following Unices"
         [Bourne].  It included full K&R C, uucp, Bourne shell.  V7 was
         ported to the VAX as 32V.  The V7 kernel was a mere 40
         Kbytes!

      These Vn versions were developed by the Computer Research Group
      (CRG) of Bell Labs.  Another group, the Unix System Group (USG),
      was responsible for support.  A third group at Bell Labs was also
      involved in Unix development, the Programmer's WorkBench (PWB),
      to which we owe, for example, sccs, named pipes and other
      important ideas.  Both groups were merged into Unix System
      Development Lab in 1983.

      Work on Unix continued at Bell Labs in the 1980s.  The V series
      was further developed by the CRG (Stroustrup mentions V10 in the
      2nd edition of his book on C++), but we don't seem to hear much
      about this otherwise.  The company now responsible for Unix
      (System V) is called Unix System Laboratories (USL) and is
      majority-owned by AT&T.  Novell has bought USL (early 93)?!

      But much happened to Unix outside AT&T, especially at Berkeley
      (where the other major flavor comes from).  Vendors (esp. of
      workstations) also contributed much (e.g. Sun's NFS).

      The book "Life with Unix" by Don Libes and Sandy Ressler is
      fascinating reading for anyone interested in Unix, and covers a
      lot of the history, interactions, etc..  Much in the present
      section is summarized from this book.

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