rfc904.txt

RFC 相关的技术文档

     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       Sequence #              |          Reason               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                     Error Message Header                      |
     |            (first three 32-bit words of EGP header)           |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Type                    8

Code                    0

Status                  0       indeterminate
                        1       Up state
                        2       Down state
                        128     unsolicited message bit

Reason (see below)      0       unspecified
                        1       bad EGP header format
                        2       bad EGP data field format
                        3       reachability info unavailable
                        4       excessive polling rate
                        5       no response

Error Message Header    first three 32-bit words of EGP header

Following is a summary of the assigned Reason codes along with a list of
scenarios in which they might be used.

Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification                   Page 25
D.L. Mills


Code    Reason                  Scenarios
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0       unspecified             when nothing else fits

1       bad EGP header format   1. bad message length
                                2. invalid Type, Code or Status fields

                                Notes: The recipient can determine which
                                of the above hold by inspecting the EGP
                                header included in the message. An
                                instance of a wrong EGP version or bad
                                checksum should not be reported, since
                                the original recipient can not trust the
                                header format. An instance of an unknown
                                autonomous system should be caught at
                                acquistion time.

2       bad EGP data field      1. nonsense polling rates
        format                     (Request/Confirm)
                                2. invalid Update message format
                                3. response IP Net Address field does
                                   not match command (Update)

                                Notes: An instance of nonsense polling
                                intervals (e.g. too long to be useful)
                                specified in a Request or Confirm should
                                result in a Refuse or Cease with this
                                cause specified.

3       reachability info       1. no info available on net specified in
        unavailable                IP Net Address field (Poll)

4       excessive polling rate  1. two or more Hello commands received
                                   within minimum specified polling
                                   interval
                                2. two or more Poll commands received
                                   within minimum specified polling
                                   interval
                                3. two or more Request commands received
                                   within some (reasonably short)
                                   interval

                                Notes: The recipient can determine which
                                of the above hold by inspecting the EGP
                                header included in the message.

5       no response             1. no Update received for Poll within
                                   some (reasonably long) interval

Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification                   Page 26
D.L. Mills


Appendix B.  Comparison with RFC-888

     Minor functional enhancements are necessary in the RFC-888 message
formats to support certain features assumed of the state-machine model,
in particular the capability to request a neighbor to suppress Hello
commands.  In addition, the model suggests a mapping between its states
and certain status and error indications which clarifies and generalizes
the interpretation.

     All of the header fields except the Status field (called the
Information field at some places in RFC-888) remain unchanged.  The
following table summarizes the suggested format changes in the Status
field for the various messages by (Type, Code) class.

Class   Messages                Status Codes
-------------------------------------------------------------------
3,0     Request                 0       unspecified
3,1     Confirm                 1       active mode
3,2     Refuse                  2       passive mode
3,3     Cease                   3       insufficient resources
3,4     Cease-ack               4       administratively prohibited
                                5       going down
                                6       parameter problem

5,0     Hello                   0       indeterminate
5,1     I-H-U                   1       Up state
2,0     Poll                    2       Down state
1,0     Update                  128     unsolicited message bit
8,0     Error

The changes from RFC-888 are as follows:

1.  The status codes have been combined in two classes, one for those
    messages involved in starting and stopping the protocol and the
    other for those messages involved in maintaining the protocol and
    exchanging reachability information.  Some messages of either class
    may not use all the status codes assigned.

2.  The status codes for the Request and Confirm indicate whether the
    sender can operate in active or passive mode.  In RFC-888 this field
    must be zero;  however, RFC-888 does not specify any mechanism to
    decide how the neighbors poll each other.

3.  The status codes for the Cease, Refuse and Cease-ack have the same
    interpretation.  This provides a clear and unambiguous indication
    when the protocol is terminated due to an unusual situation, for
    instance if the NOC dynamically repartitions the ARPANET.  The
    assigned codes are not consistent with RFC-888, since the codes for
    the Refuse and Cease were assigned conflicting values;  however, the
    differences are minor and should cause no significant problems.

Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification                   Page 27
D.L. Mills


4.  The status codes for the Hello, I-H-U, Poll, Update and Error have
    the same interpretation.  Codes 0 through 2 are mutually exclusive
    and are chosen solely on the basis of the state of the sender.  In
    the case of the Update (and possibly Error) one of these codes can
    be combined with the "unsolicited bit," which corresponds to code
    128.  In RFC-888 this field is unused for the Poll and Error and may
    contain only zero or 128 for the Update, so that the default case is
    to assume that reciprocal reachability cannot be determined by these
    messages.

5.  Some of the reachability codes defined in RFC-888 have been removed
    as not applicable.

Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification                   Page 28
D.L. Mills


Appendix C.  Reachability Analysis

     The following table shows the state transitions which can occur in
a system of two neighboring EGP gateways.  Besides being useful in the
design and verification of the protocol, the table is useful for
implementation and testing.

     The system of two neighboring EGP gateways is modelled as a
finite-state automaton constructed as the cartesian product of two state
machines as defined above.  Each state of this machine is represented as
[i,j], where i and j are states of the original machine.  Each line of
the table shows one state transition of the machine in the form:

                        [i1,j1] -> [i2,j2]  E  A

which specifies the machine in state [i1,j1] presented with event E
transitions to state [i2,j2] and generates action A.  Multiple actions
are separated by the "/" symbol.  The special symbol "*" represents the
set of lines where all "*"s in the line take on the (same) values 0 - 4
in turn.

     The table shows only those transitions which can occur as the
result of events arriving at one of the two neighbors.  The full table
includes a duplicate set of lines for the other neighbor as well, with
each line derived from a line of the table below using the
transformation:

         [i1,j1] -> [i2,j2]  E  A  =>  [j1,i1] -> [j2,i2]  E  A

State    State  Event           Actions
---------------------------------------------------
[*,4] -> [0,4]  Cease           Cease-ack

[0,1] -> [2,1]  Request         Confirm/Hello/Up/t1
[0,1] -> [0,1]  Request         Refuse
[0,*] -> [1,*]  Start           Request/t1

[1,1] -> [2,1]  Request         Confirm/Hello/Up/t1
[1,2] -> [2,2]  Confirm         Hello/Up/t1
[1,3] -> [2,3]  Confirm         Hello/Up/t1
[1,0] -> [0,0]  Refuse          Null
[1,*] -> [1,*]  Start           Request/r1
[1,*] -> [0,*]  Stop            Null
[1,*] -> [1,*]  t1              Request/t1

[2,1] -> [3,1]  Up              Down/Hello/Poll/t1/t2
[2,1] -> [2,1]  Request         Confirm/Hello/Up/t1
[2,2] -> [2,2]  Hello           I-H-U
[2,3] -> [2,3]  Hello           I-H-U
[2,2] -> [2,2]  I-H-U           Process

Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification                   Page 29
D.L. Mills


[2,3] -> [2,3]  I-H-U           Process
[2,*] -> [1,*]  Start           Request/r1
[2,*] -> [4,*]  Stop            Cease/t1
[2,1] -> [2,1]  t1              Hello/t1
[2,2] -> [2,2]  t1              Hello/t1
[2,3] -> [2,3]  t1              Hello/t1

[3,1] -> [2,1]  Down            Null
[3,2] -> [2,2]  Down            Null
[3,3] -> [2,3]  Down            Null
[3,1] -> [2,1]  Request         Confirm/Hello/Up/t1
[3,2] -> [3,2]  Hello           I-H-U
[3,3] -> [3,3]  Hello           I-H-U
[3,2] -> [3,2]  I-H-U           Process
[3,3] -> [3,3]  I-H-U           Process
[3,3] -> [3,3]  Poll            Update
[3,3] -> [3,3]  Update          Process
[3,*] -> [1,*]  Start           Request/r1
[3,*] -> [4,*]  Stop            Cease/t1
[3,1] -> [3,1]  t1              Hello/t1
[3,2] -> [3,2]  t1              Hello/t1
[3,3] -> [3,3]  t1              Hello/t1
[3,1] -> [3,1]  t2              Poll/t2
[3,2] -> [3,2]  t2              Poll/t2
[3,3] -> [3,3]  t2              Poll/t2

[4,1] -> [4,1]  Request         Cease
[4,*] -> [0,*]  Cease           Cease-ack
[4,0] -> [0,0]  Cease-ack       Null
[4,*] -> [0,*]  Stop            Null
[4,*] -> [4,*]  t1              Cease/t1

     In the state-machine model defined in this document all states of
the above machine are reachable;  however, some are reachable only in
extreme cases when one neighbor crashes, for example.  In the common
case where only one of the neighbors initiates and terminates the
protocol and neither one crashes, for example, not all states are
reachable.  Following is a matrix showing the states which can be
reached in this case, where the neighbor that initiates and terminates
the protocol is called the active gateway and the other the passive
gateway.

Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification                   Page 30
D.L. Mills


                                Passive Gateway
Active     0 Idle      1 Aqsn      2 Down      3 Up        4 Cease
Gateway   +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
0 Idle    |stable     |           |           |           |unstable   |
1 Aqsn    |unstable   |unstable   |unstable   |unstable   |unstable   |
2 Down    |           |           |stable     |unstable   |           |
3 Up      |           |           |unstable   |stable     |           |
4 Cease   |unstable   |unstable   |unstable   |unstable   |unstable   |
          +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

     In the above matrix the blank entries represent unreachable states,
while those marked unstable represent transient states which cannot
persist for long, due to retransmission of Request and Hello messages,
for example.