rfc2140.txt

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Network Working Group                                           J. Touch
Request for Comments: 2140                                           ISI
Category: Informational                                       April 1997


                   TCP Control Block Interdependence

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  This memo
   does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of
   this memo is unlimited.


Abstract

   This memo makes the case for interdependent TCP control blocks, where
   part of the TCP state is shared among similar concurrent connections,
   or across similar connection instances. TCP state includes a
   combination of parameters, such as connection state, current round-
   trip time estimates, congestion control information, and process
   information.  This state is currently maintained on a per-connection
   basis in the TCP control block, but should be shared across
   connections to the same host. The goal is to improve transient
   transport performance, while maintaining backward-compatibility with
   existing implementations.

   This document is a product of the LSAM project at ISI.


Introduction

   TCP is a connection-oriented reliable transport protocol layered over
   IP [9]. Each TCP connection maintains state, usually in a data
   structure called the TCP Control Block (TCB). The TCB contains
   information about the connection state, its associated local process,
   and feedback parameters about the connection's transmission
   properties. As originally specified and usually implemented, the TCB
   is maintained on a per-connection basis. This document discusses the
   implications of that decision, and argues for an alternate
   implementation that shares some of this state across similar
   connection instances and among similar simultaneous connections. The
   resulting implementation can have better transient performance,
   especially for numerous short-lived and simultaneous connections, as
   often used in the World-Wide Web [1]. These changes affect only the
   TCB initialization, and so have no effect on the long-term behavior
   of TCP after a connection has been established.




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RFC 2140           TCP Control Block Interdependence          April 1997


The TCP Control Block (TCB)

   A TCB is associated with each connection, i.e., with each association
   of a pair of applications across the network. The TCB can be
   summarized as containing [9]:


        Local process state

            pointers to send and receive buffers
            pointers to retransmission queue and current segment
            pointers to Internet Protocol (IP) PCB

        Per-connection shared state

            macro-state

                connection state
                timers
                flags
                local and remote host numbers and ports

            micro-state

                send and receive window state (size*, current number)
                round-trip time and variance
                cong. window size*
                cong. window size threshold*
                max windows seen*
                MSS#
                round-trip time and variance#


   The per-connection information is shown as split into macro-state and
   micro-state, terminology borrowed from [5]. Macro-state describes the
   finite state machine; we include the endpoint numbers and components
   (timers, flags) used to help maintain that state. This includes the
   protocol for establishing and maintaining shared state about the
   connection. Micro-state describes the protocol after a connection has
   been established, to maintain the reliability and congestion control
   of the data transferred in the connection.

   We further distinguish two other classes of shared micro-state that
   are associated more with host-pairs than with application pairs. One
   class is clearly host-pair dependent (#, e.g., MSS, RTT), and the
   other is host-pair dependent in its aggregate (*, e.g., cong. window
   info., curr. window sizes).




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TCB Interdependence

   The observation that some TCB state is host-pair specific rather than
   application-pair dependent is not new, and is a common engineering
   decision in layered protocol implementations. A discussion of sharing
   RTT information among protocols layered over IP, including UDP and
   TCP, occurred in [8]. T/TCP uses caches to maintain TCB information
   across instances, e.g., smoothed RTT, RTT variance, congestion
   avoidance threshold, and MSS [3].  These values are in addition to
   connection counts used by T/TCP to accelerate data delivery prior to
   the full three-way handshake during an OPEN. The goal is to aggregate
   TCB components where they reflect one association - that of the
   host-pair, rather than artificially separating those components by
   connection.

   At least one current T/TCP implementation saves the MSS and
   aggregates the RTT parameters across multiple connections, but omits
   caching the congestion window information [4], as originally
   specified in [2]. There may be other values that may be cached, such
   as current window size, to permit new connections full access to
   accumulated channel resources.

   We observe that there are two cases of TCB interdependence. Temporal
   sharing occurs when the TCB of an earlier (now CLOSED) connection to
   a host is used to initialize some parameters of a new connection to
   that same host. Ensemble sharing occurs when a currently active
   connection to a host is used to initialize another (concurrent)
   connection to that host. T/TCP documents considered the temporal
   case; we consider both.

An Example of Temporal Sharing

   Temporal sharing of cached TCB data has been implemented in the SunOS
   4.1.3 T/TCP extensions [4] and the FreeBSD port of same [7]. As
   mentioned before, only the MSS and RTT parameters are cached, as
   originally specified in [2]. Later discussion of T/TCP suggested
   including congestion control parameters in this cache [3].

   The cache is accessed in two ways: it is read to initialize new TCBs,
   and written when more current per-host state is available. New TCBs
   are initialized as follows; snd_cwnd reuse is not yet implemented,
   although discussed in the T/TCP concepts [2]:









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RFC 2140           TCP Control Block Interdependence          April 1997


               TEMPORAL SHARING - TCB Initialization

             Cached TCB           New TCB
             ----------------------------------------
             old-MSS              old-MSS

             old-RTT              old-RTT

             old-RTTvar           old-RTTvar

             old-snd_cwnd         old-snd_cwnd    (not yet impl.)


   Most cached TCB values are updated when a connection closes.  An
   exception is MSS, which is updated whenever the MSS option is
   received in a TCP header.


                 TEMPORAL SHARING - Cache Updates

    Cached TCB   Current TCB     when?   New Cached TCB
    ---------------------------------------------------------------
    old-MSS      curr-MSS        MSSopt  curr-MSS

    old-RTT      curr-RTT        CLOSE   old += (curr - old) >> 2

    old-RTTvar   curr-RTTvar     CLOSE   old += (curr - old) >> 2

    old-snd_cwnd curr-snd_cwnd   CLOSE   curr-snd_cwnd   (not yet impl.)

   MSS caching is trivial; reported values are cached, and the most
   recent value is used. The cache is updated when the MSS option is
   received, so the cache always has the most recent MSS value from any
   connection. The cache is consulted only at connection establishment,
   and not otherwise updated, which means that MSS options do not affect
   current connections. The default MSS is never saved; only reported
   MSS values update the cache, so an explicit override is required to
   reduce the MSS.

   RTT values are updated by a more complicated mechanism [3], [8].
   Dynamic RTT estimation requires a sequence of RTT measurements, even
   though a single T/TCP transaction may not accumulate enough samples.
   As a result, the cached RTT (and its variance) is an average of its
   previous value with the contents of the currently active TCB for that
   host, when a TCB is closed. RTT values are updated only when a
   connection is closed. Further, the method for averaging the RTT
   values is not the same as the method for computing the RTT values
   within a connection, so that the cached value may not be appropriate.



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RFC 2140           TCP Control Block Interdependence          April 1997


   For temporal sharing, the cache requires updating only when a
   connection closes, because the cached values will not yet be used to
   initialize a new TCB. For the ensemble sharing, this is not the case,
   as discussed below.

   Other TCB variables may also be cached between sequential instances,
   such as the congestion control window information. Old cache values
   can be overwritten with the current TCB estimates, or a MAX or MIN
   function can be used to merge the results, depending on the optimism
   or pessimism of the reused values. For example, the congestion window
   can be reused if there are no concurrent connections.

An Example of Ensemble Sharing

   Sharing cached TCB data across concurrent connections requires
   attention to the aggregate nature of some of the shared state.
   Although MSS and RTT values can be shared by copying, it may not be
   appropriate to copy congestion window information. At this point, we
   present only the MSS and RTT rules:


               ENSEMBLE SHARING - TCB Initialization

               Cached TCB           New TCB
               ----------------------------------
               old-MSS              old-MSS

               old-RTT              old-RTT

               old-RTTvar           old-RTTvar



                    ENSEMBLE SHARING - Cache Updates

      Cached TCB   Current TCB     when?   New Cached TCB
      -----------------------------------------------------------
      old-MSS      curr-MSS        MSSopt  curr-MSS

      old-RTT      curr-RTT        update  rtt_update(old,curr)

      old-RTTvar   curr-RTTvar     update  rtt_update(old,curr)


   For ensemble sharing, TCB information should be cached as early as
   possible, sometimes before a connection is closed. Otherwise, opening
   multiple concurrent connections may not result in TCB data sharing if
   no connection closes before others open. An optimistic solution would



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RFC 2140           TCP Control Block Interdependence          April 1997


   be to update cached data as early as possible, rather than only when
   a connection is closing. Some T/TCP implementations do this for MSS
   when the TCP MSS header option is received [4], although it is not
   addressed specifically in the concepts or functional specification
   [2][3].

   In current T/TCP, RTT values are updated only after a CLOSE, which
   does not benefit concurrent sessions. As mentioned in the temporal
   case, averaging values between concurrent connections requires
   incorporating new RTT measurements. The amount of work involved in
   updating the aggregate average should be minimized, but the resulting
   value should be equivalent to having all values measured within a
   single connection. The function "rtt_update" in the ensemble sharing
   table indicates this operation, which occurs whenever the RTT would
   have been updated in the individual TCP connection. As a result, the
   cache contains the shared RTT variables, which no longer need to
   reside in the TCB [8].

   Congestion window size aggregation is more complicated in the
   concurrent case.  When there is an ensemble of connections, we need
   to decide how that ensemble would have shared the congestion window,
   in order to derive initial values for new TCBs. Because concurrent
   connections between two hosts share network paths (usually), they
   also share whatever capacity exists along that path.  With regard to