rfc2002.txt

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      Agent Advertisement
               An advertisement message constructed by attaching a
               special Extension to a router advertisement [4] message.

      Care-of Address
               The termination point of a tunnel toward a mobile node,
               for datagrams forwarded to the mobile node while it is
               away from home.  The protocol can use two different types
               of care-of address:  a "foreign agent care-of address" is
               an address of a foreign agent with which the mobile node
               is registered, and a "co-located care-of address" is an
               externally obtained local address which the mobile node
               has associated with one of its own network interfaces.

      Correspondent Node
               A peer with which a mobile node is communicating.  A
               correspondent node may be either mobile or stationary.

      Foreign Network
               Any network other than the mobile node's Home Network.

      Home Address
               An IP address that is assigned for an extended period of
               time to a mobile node.  It remains unchanged regardless
               of where the node is attached to the Internet.

      Home Network
               A network, possibly virtual, having a network prefix
               matching that of a mobile node's home address.  Note that
               standard IP routing mechanisms will deliver datagrams
               destined to a mobile node's Home Address to the mobile
               node's Home Network.

      Link     A facility or medium over which nodes can communicate at
               the link layer.  A link underlies the network layer.

      Link-Layer Address
               The address used to identify an endpoint of some
               communication over a physical link.  Typically, the
               Link-Layer address is an interface's Media Access Control
               (MAC) address.

      Mobility Agent
               Either a home agent or a foreign agent.



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RFC 2002                  IP Mobility Support               October 1996


      Mobility Binding
               The association of a home address with a care-of address,
               along with the remaining lifetime of that association.

      Mobility Security Association
               A collection of security contexts, between a pair
               of nodes, which may be applied to Mobile IP protocol
               messages exchanged between them.  Each context indicates
               an authentication algorithm and mode (Section 5.1), a
               secret (a shared key, or appropriate public/private
               key pair), and a style of replay protection in use
               (Section 5.6).

      Node     A host or a router.

      Nonce    A randomly chosen value, different from previous choices,
               inserted in a message to protect against replays.

      Security Parameter Index (SPI)
               An index identifying a security context between a pair
               of nodes among the contexts available in the Mobility
               Security Association.  SPI values 0 through 255 are
               reserved and MUST NOT be used in any Mobility Security
               Association.

      Tunnel   The path followed by a datagram while it is encapsulated.
               The model is that, while it is encapsulated, a datagram
               is routed to a knowledgeable decapsulating agent, which
               decapsulates the datagram and then correctly delivers it
               to its ultimate destination.

      Virtual Network
               A network with no physical instantiation beyond a router
               (with a physical network interface on another network).
               The router (e.g., a home agent) generally advertises
               reachability to the virtual network using conventional
               routing protocols.

      Visited Network
               A network other than a mobile node's Home Network, to
               which the mobile node is currently connected.

      Visitor List
               The list of mobile nodes visiting a foreign agent.







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RFC 2002                  IP Mobility Support               October 1996


1.7. Protocol Overview

   The following support services are defined for Mobile IP:

      Agent Discovery
               Home agents and foreign agents may advertise their
               availability on each link for which they provide service.
               A newly arrived mobile node can send a solicitation on
               the link to learn if any prospective agents are present.

      Registration
               When the mobile node is away from home, it registers
               its care-of address with its home agent.  Depending on
               its method of attachment, the mobile node will register
               either directly with its home agent, or through a foreign
               agent which forwards the registration to the home agent.

   The following steps provide a rough outline of operation of the
   Mobile IP protocol:

    -  Mobility agents (i.e., foreign agents and home agents) advertise
       their presence via Agent Advertisement messages (Section 2).  A
       mobile node may optionally solicit an Agent Advertisement message
       from any locally attached mobility agents through an Agent
       Solicitation message.

    -  A mobile node receives these Agent Advertisements and determines
       whether it is on its home network or a foreign network.

    -  When the mobile node detects that it is located on its home
       network, it operates without mobility services.  If returning
       to its home network from being registered elsewhere, the mobile
       node deregisters with its home agent, through exchange of a
       Registration Request and Registration Reply message with it.

    -  When a mobile node detects that it has moved to a foreign
       network, it obtains a care-of address on the foreign network.
       The care-of address can either be determined from a foreign
       agent's advertisements (a foreign agent care-of address), or by
       some external assignment mechanism such as DHCP [6] (a co-located
       care-of address).

    -  The mobile node operating away from home then registers its
       new care-of address with its home agent through exchange of a
       Registration Request and Registration Reply message with it,
       possibly via a foreign agent (Section 3).





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    -  Datagrams sent to the mobile node's home address are intercepted
       by its home agent, tunneled by the home agent to the mobile
       node's care-of address, received at the tunnel endpoint (either
       at a foreign agent or at the mobile node itself), and finally
       delivered to the mobile node (Section 4.2.3).

    -  In the reverse direction, datagrams sent by the mobile node
       are generally delivered to their destination using standard IP
       routing mechanisms, not necessarily passing through the home
       agent.

   When away from home, Mobile IP uses protocol tunneling to hide a
   mobile node's home address from intervening routers between its home
   network and its current location.  The tunnel terminates at the
   mobile node's care-of address.  The care-of address must be an
   address to which datagrams can be delivered via conventional IP
   routing.  At the care-of address, the original datagram is removed
   from the tunnel and delivered to the mobile node.

   Mobile IP provides two alternative modes for the acquisition of a
   care-of address:

    -  A "foreign agent care-of address" is a care-of address provided
       by a foreign agent through its Agent Advertisement messages.  In
       this case, the care-of address is an IP address of the foreign
       agent.  In this mode, the foreign agent is the endpoint of the
       tunnel and, upon receiving tunneled datagrams, decapsulates them
       and delivers the inner datagram to the mobile node.  This mode
       of acquisition is preferred because it allows many mobile nodes
       to share the same care-of address and therefore does not place
       unnecessary demands on the already limited IPv4 address space.

    -  A "co-located care-of address" is a care-of address acquired
       by the mobile node as a local IP address through some external
       means, which the mobile node then associates with one of its own
       network interfaces.  The address may be dynamically acquired as
       a temporary address by the mobile node such as through DHCP [6],
       or may be owned by the mobile node as a long-term address for its
       use only while visiting some foreign network.  Specific external
       methods of acquiring a local IP address for use as a co-located
       care-of address are beyond the scope of this document.  When
       using a co-located care-of address, the mobile node serves as the
       endpoint of the tunnel and itself performs decapsulation of the
       datagrams tunneled to it.

   The mode of using a co-located care-of address has the advantage that
   it allows a mobile node to function without a foreign agent, for
   example, in networks that have not yet deployed a foreign agent.



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   It does, however, place additional burden on the IPv4 address space
   because it requires a pool of addresses within the foreign network to
   be made available to visiting mobile nodes.  It is difficult to
   efficiently maintain pools of addresses for each subnet that may
   permit mobile nodes to visit.

   It is important to understand the distinction between the care-of
   address and the foreign agent functions.  The care-of address is
   simply the endpoint of the tunnel.  It might indeed be an address of
   a foreign agent (a foreign agent care-of address), but it might
   instead be an address temporarily acquired by the mobile node (a co-
   located care-of address).  A foreign agent, on the other hand, is a
   mobility agent that provides services to mobile nodes.  See Sections
   3.7 and 4.2.2 for additional details.

   A home agent MUST be able to attract and intercept datagrams that are
   destined to the home address of any of its registered mobile nodes.
   Using the proxy and gratuitous ARP mechanisms described in Section
   4.6, this requirement can be satisfied if the home agent has a
   network interface on the link indicated by the mobile node's home
   address.  Other placements of the home agent relative to the mobile
   node's home location MAY also be possible using other mechanisms for
   intercepting datagrams destined to the mobile node's home address.
   Such placements are beyond the scope of this document.

   Similarly, a mobile node and a prospective or current foreign agent
   MUST be able to exchange datagrams without relying on standard IP
   routing mechanisms; that is, those mechanisms which make forwarding
   decisions based upon the network-prefix of the destination address in
   the IP header.  This requirement can be satisfied if the foreign
   agent and the visiting mobile node have an interface on the same
   link.  In this case, the mobile node and foreign agent simply bypass
   their normal IP routing mechanism when sending datagrams to each
   other, addressing the underlying link-layer packets to their
   respective link-layer addresses.  Other placements of the foreign
   agent relative to the mobile node MAY also be possible using other
   mechanisms to exchange datagrams between these nodes, but such
   placements are beyond the scope of this document.

   If a mobile node is using a co-located care-of address (as described
   in (b) above), the mobile node MUST be located on the link identified
   by the network prefix of this care-of address.  Otherwise, datagrams
   destined to the care-of address would be undeliverable.

   For example, the figure below illustrates the routing of datagrams to
   and from a mobile node away from home, once the mobile node has
   registered with its home agent.  In the figure below, the mobile node
   is using a foreign agent care-of address:



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RFC 2002                  IP Mobility Support               October 1996


                2) Datagram is intercepted   3) Datagram is
                   by home agent and            detunneled and
                   is tunneled to the           delivered to the
                   care-of address.             mobile node.

                     +-----+          +-------+         +------+
                     |home | =======> |foreign| ------> |mobile|
                     |agent|          | agent | <------ | node |
                     +-----+          +-------+         +------+
     1) Datagram to    /|\         /
        mobile node     |        /   4) For datagrams sent by the
        arrives on      |      /        mobile node, standard IP