rfc3188.txt

RFC 的详细文档！

Network Working Group                                          J. Hakala
Request for Comments: 3188                   Helsinki University Library
Category: Informational                                     October 2001


                 Using National Bibliography Numbers as
                         Uniform Resource Names

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document discusses how national bibliography numbers (persistent
   and unique identifiers assigned by the national libraries) can be
   supported within the URN (Uniform Resource Names) framework and the
   syntax for URNs defined in RFC 2141.  Much of the discussion is based
   on the ideas expressed in RFC 2288.

1. Introduction

   As part of the validation process for the development of URNs the
   IETF working group agreed that it is important to demonstrate that
   the current URN syntax proposal can accommodate existing identifiers
   from well established namespaces.  One such infrastructure for
   assigning and managing names comes from the bibliographic community.
   Bibliographic identifiers function as names for objects that exist
   both in print and, increasingly, in electronic formats.  RFC 2288
   [Lynch] investigated the feasibility of using three identifiers
   (ISBN, ISSN and SICI) as URNs.

   This document will analyse the usage of national bibliography numbers
   (NBNs) as URNs.  The need to extend analysis to new identifier
   systems was briefly discussed in RFC 2288 as well, with the following
   summary: "The issues involved in supporting those additional
   identifiers are anticipated to be broadly similar to those involved
   in supporting ISBNs, ISSNs, and SICIs".







Hakala                       Informational                      [Page 1]

RFC 3188      Using National Bibliography Numbers as URNs   October 2001


   A registration request for acquiring a Namespace Identifier (NID)
   "NBN" for national bibliography numbers has been written by the
   National Library of Finland on the request of the Conference of
   Directors of National Libraries (CDNL) and the Conference of the
   European National Librarians (CENL).  Chapter 5 contains a URN
   namespace registration request modeled according to the template in
   RFC 2611.

   The document at hand is part of a global co-operation of the national
   libraries to foster identification of electronic documents in general
   and utilisation of URNs in particular.  Some national libraries,
   including the national libraries of Finland, Norway and Sweden, are
   already assigning NBN-based URNs for electronic resources.

   We have used the URN Namespace Identifier "NBN" for the national
   bibliographic numbers in examples below.

2. Identification vs. Resolution

   As a rule the national bibliography numbers identify finite,
   manageably-sized objects, but these objects may still be large enough
   that resolution to a hierarchical system is appropriate.

   The materials identified by a national bibliography number may exist
   only in printed or other physical form, not electronically.  The best
   that a resolver will be able to offer in this case is bibliographic
   data from a national bibliography database, including information
   about where the physical resource is stored in a national library's
   holdings.

   The URN Framework provides resolution services that may be used to
   describe any differences between the resource identified by a URN and
   the resource that would be returned as a result of resolving that
   URN.  However, NBNs will be used for instance to identify resources
   in digital Web archives created by harvester robot applications.  In
   this case, NBN will identify exactly the resource the user expects to
   see.

3. National bibliography numbers

3.1 Overview

   National Bibliography Number (NBN) is a generic name referring to a
   group of identifier systems utilised by the national libraries and
   only by them for identification of deposited publications which lack
   an identifier, or to descriptive metadata (cataloging) that describes
   the resources.  In many countries legal (or voluntary) deposit is
   being extended to electronic publications.



Hakala                       Informational                      [Page 2]

RFC 3188      Using National Bibliography Numbers as URNs   October 2001


   Each national library uses its own NBN strings independently of other
   national libraries; there is no global authority which controls them.
   For this reason NBNs are unique only on national level.  When used as
   URNs, NBN strings must be augmented with a controlled prefix such as
   country code.  These prefixes guarantee uniqueness of the NBN-based
   URNs on the global scale.

   NBNs have traditionally been given to documents that do not have a
   publisher-assigned identifier, but are cataloged to the national
   bibliography.  NBNs can be seen as a fall-back mechanism: if no
   other, better established identifier such as ISBN can be given, an
   NBN is assigned.  In principle, NBN usage enables identification of
   any Internet document.  Local policies may limit the NBN usage to a
   much smaller subset of documents.

   Some national libraries (e.g., Finland, Norway, Sweden) have
   established Web-based URN generators, which enable authors and
   publishers to fetch NBN-based URNs for their network documents.  At
   least national libraries of Sweden and Finland are harvesting and
   archiving domestic Web documents (and a number of other libraries
   plan to start this activity), and long-time preservation of these
   materials requires persistent and unique identification.  NBNs can be
   and are in fact already used as internal identifiers in these Web
   archives.

   Both syntax and scope of NBNs can be decided by each national library
   independently.  Typically, an NBN consist of one or more letters
   and/or digits.  This simple syntax makes NBNs infinitely extensible
   and very suitable for e.g., naming of the Web documents.  For
   instance the application used by the national library of Finland for
   Web harvesting creates NBNs which are based on the MD5 checksum of
   the archived resource.

3.2 F-code

   F-code is the NBN used by the National Library of Finland.

   F-codes have been used since early 20th century to identify catalogue
   cards and later MARC records in the national bibliography.  In 1998
   the national library decided to enable the Finnish authors and
   publishers to assign F-codes to their Internet documents, if these
   documents do not qualify for other identifiers such as ISBN.  F-
   codes, embedded into URNs, can be fetched from the URN generator
   (http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/cgi-bin/urn.pl) developed in co-operation
   between the national library of Finland and the Lund University
   library, NETLAB unit.  Attached to the generator there is a user
   guide (http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/meta/URN-opas.html; only in
   Finnish), which tells the users how to use URNs.



Hakala                       Informational                      [Page 3]

RFC 3188      Using National Bibliography Numbers as URNs   October 2001


   F-codes are also used within the Web harvesting and archiving
   software (http://www.csc.fi/sovellus/nedlib/), which has been built
   for the Networked European Deposit Library (NEDLIB) project (see
   http://www.kb.nl/nedlib).  NEDLIB harvester calculates MD5 checksum
   for each archived resource, and then builds an NBN-based URN from the
   checksum.  The URN serves then as a unique identifier to the archived
   resource.  Traditional identifiers can not be used for this purpose,
   since there may for instance be several variants of a book which
   (quite rightly so) all have the same ISBN.  Moreover, identifiers
   embedded into a document do not necessarily belong to the document
   itself; thus the Web archiving application can not trust the
   identifiers embedded into the body of the document.

   The F-code built by the URN generator consist of:

   Prefix (for example fe)
   Year (YYYY; for example 1999)
   Number (for example 1055)

   The generator also adds namespace identifier "NBN" and ISO 3166
   country code.  Thus a URN based on F-code would in this case be for
   instance urn:nbn:fi-fe19991055.

   URNs created by the Web archiving application have similar overall
   structure, except that prefix (which may be defined by the operator)
   is fea and year is not used.  An example:  urn:nbn:fi-fea-
   5c5875e6e49ae649cad63e5ee4f6c346.

   F-codes never need any special encoding when used as URNs, since they
   consist of alphanumeric codes only (0-9, a-z).  This is often the
   case for other national libraries' NBN systems as well.

3.3 Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence

   Embedding NBNs within the URN framework usually presents no
   particular encoding problems, since all of the characters that can
   appear in commonly used NBN systems can be expressed in special
   encoding, as described in RFC 2141 [MOATS].

   When an NBN is used as a URN, the namespace specific string will
   consist of three parts: prefix, consisting of either a two-letter ISO
   3166 country code or other registered string, delimiting character
   which is either hyphen (-) or colon (:), and NBN string assigned by
   the national library.  Delimiting characters are not lexically
   equivalent.

   Hyphen is always used for separating the prefix and the NBN string.




Hakala                       Informational                      [Page 4]

RFC 3188      Using National Bibliography Numbers as URNs   October 2001


   Colon is used as the delimiting character if and only if a country
   code-based NBN namespace is split further in smaller sub-namespaces.
   If there are several national libraries in one country, these
   libraries can split their national namespace into smaller parts using
   this method.

   A national library may also assign a trusted organisation(s) its own
   sub-namespace.  For instance, the national library of Finland has
   given Statistics Finland (http://www.stat.fi/index_en.html) a sub-
   namespace "st" (e.g., urn:nbn:fi:st:).  The Finnish Council of State
   (http://www.vn.fi/vn/english/index.htm) will use sub-namespace "vn"
   (e.g., urn:nbn:fi:vn).

   Non-ISO 3166-prefixes, if used, must be registered on the global
   level. The Library of Congress will maintain the central register of
   reserved codes.  This register will be available to the national
   libraries and other users in the Web.

   Sub-namespace codes beneath a country-code-based namespace need to be
   registered on the national level by the national library which
   assigned the code.  The national register must be available in the
   Web and should also be linked to the global register maintained by
   the Library of Congress.

   Two-letter codes may not be used as non-ISO prefixes, since all such
   codes are reserved for existing and possible future ISO country
   codes. If there are several national libraries in one country who use
   the same prefix - for instance, a country code -, they need to agree
   on how to split the namespace between them.

   Models:
   URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 country code>-<assigned NBN string>
   URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 country code>:<sub-namespace code>-<assigned NBN
   string>
   URN:NBN:<non-ISO 3166 prefix>-<assigned NBN string>

   Examples:
   URN:NBN:fi-fe19981001 (A "real" URN assigned by the National Library
   of Finland).

3.4 Resolution of NBN-based URNs

   The (usually) country code-based prefix part of the URN namespace
   specific string will provide a guide to where to find a resolution
   service, and the NBN register will identify the assigning agency.
   Once the NBN-based URN resolution is in global usage, the number of
   prefixes will slowly approach and may eventually exceed the number of
   national libraries.



Hakala                       Informational                      [Page 5]

RFC 3188      Using National Bibliography Numbers as URNs   October 2001


   If NBN assignment for a given country is limited to the national
   bibliography database, then all NBN-based URNs for that country will
   be resolved there.  In one model these databases contain detailed
   resource descriptions including URLs, which will point both to the
   copy of the document in the Internet and to the copy in the national
   library's (legal) deposit collection.  Due to the limitations in the
   usage of legal deposit documents it is possible that the deposited
   electronic materials can not be delivered in electronic form outside
   the premises of the national library.

   If it is possible for the authors and publishers to retrieve NBNs to
   Web documents and there is no obligation to deposit thus identified
   documents to the national library, URN resolution service is not
   possible without a national Web index and archive, maintained by the
   national library or other organisation(s).  A Web index/archive will
   also resolve machine-generated URNs to the archived Web documents.

3.5 Additional considerations

   Guidelines adopted by each national library define when different
   versions of a work should be assigned the same or differing NBNs.
   These rules apply only if identifier assignment is done manually.  If
   identifiers are allocated programmatically, the only criteria that
   can be used is that two documents which are identical on the bit
   level (have the same MD5 checksum) are deemed identical and should
   receive the same NBN.  The likelihood of this happening to dissimilar
   documents is about 2^64, according to the RFC 1321.

   The rules governing the usage of NBNs are less strict than those
   specifying the usage of ISBN or other, better established
   identifiers. Since the NBNs have up to now been given only by the
   personnel (cataloguers) working in the national libraries, the
   identifier assignment has in practice been well co-ordinated.

   A NBN-based URN will resolve to single instance of the work if
   identifier assignment has been automatic.  Given the nature of NBNs
   it is also likely that different versions of the same work will
   receive different NBNs even if the identifier is given manually.

4. Security Considerations

   This document proposes means of encoding several existing
   bibliographic identifiers within the URN framework.  This document
   does not discuss resolution except at a very generic level; thus
   questions of secure or authenticated resolution mechanisms are out of
   scope.  It does not address means of validating the integrity or
   authenticating the source or provenance of URNs that contain
   bibliographic identifiers.  Issues regarding intellectual property



Hakala                       Informational                      [Page 6]

RFC 3188      Using National Bibliography Numbers as URNs   October 2001


   rights associated with objects identified by the various
   bibliographic identifiers are also beyond the scope of this document,
   as are questions about rights to the databases that might be used to
   construct resolvers.

5. Namespace registration

   URN Namespace ID Registration for the National Bibliography Number
   (NBN)

   Namespace ID:

   NBN

   This Namespace ID has been in production use in demonstrator systems
   since summer 1998; thousands of URNs from this namespace have already
   been delivered in Finland, Sweden and Norway.

   Registration Information:

   Version: 3
   Date: 2001-01-30
   The first registration of the NID "NBN" was done via the URN WG in
   1998. The second, slightly edited registration request was done in