rfc2235.txt

RFC 的详细文档！

Network Working Group                                           R. Zakon
Request for Comments: 2235                                         MITRE
FYI: 32                                                    November 1997
Category: Informational


                       Hobbes' Internet Timeline

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) Robert H. Zakon and The Internet Society (1997).
   All Rights Reserved.

1. Introduction

   This document presents a history of the Internet in timeline fashion,
   highlighting some of the key events and technologies which helped
   shape the Internet as we know it today.  A growth summary of the
   Internet and some associated technologies is also included.

2. Hobbes' Internet Timeline

   Excerpted from the author's copyrighted work of the same name.  The
   most current version of Hobbes' Internet Timeline is available at
   http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html

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                                   1950s

1957
     USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In
     response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
     within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in
     science and technology applicable to the military (:amk:)

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                                   1960s

1962
     Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks"
        - Packet-switching (PS) networks; no single outage point



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1965
     ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing
     computers"
        - TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and Q-32 at System Development
          Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without
          packet switches)

1967
     ACM Symposium on Operating Principles
        - Plan presented for a packet-switching network
        - First design paper on ARPANET published by Lawrence G. Roberts

     National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops
     NPL Data Network under D. W. Davies

1968
     PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects Agency
     (ARPA)

1969
     ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking
        - First node at UCLA, Network Measurements Center
          [SDS SIGMA 7, SEX] and soon after at:
             - Stanford Research Institute (SRI), NIC [SDS940/Genie]
             - UCSB, Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics
               [IBM 360/75, OS/MVT]
             - Univ of Utah, Graphics [DEC PDP-10, Tenex]
        - use of Information Message Processors (IMP) [Honeywell 516
          mini computer with 12K of memory developed by Bolt Beranek
          and Newman, Inc. (BBN)

     First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker

     Univ of Michigan, Michigan State and Wayne State Univ establish
     X.25-based Merit network for students, faculty, alumni (:sw1:)

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                                   1970s

     Store-and-forward networks
        - Used electronic mail technology and extended it to
        conferencing








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1970
     ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abrahamson, Univ of Hawaii (:sk2:)
        - connected to the ARPANET in 1972

     ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP).

1971
     15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND,
     SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames

     Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across
     a distributed network. The original program was derived from two
     others: an intra-machine email program (SNDMSG) and an experimental
     file transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:)

1972
     International Conference on Computer Communications with
     demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines and the Terminal
     Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn.

     InterNetworking Working Group (INWG) created to address need for
     establishing agreed upon protocols. Chairman: Vinton Cerf.

     Telnet specification (RFC 318)

1973
     First international connections to the ARPANET: University College
     of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)

     Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet
     (:amk:)

     Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts internetting research
     program at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March
     on back of envelope in hotel lobby in San Francisco (:vgc:)

     Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at
     Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:)

     File Transfer specification (RFC 454)

1974
     Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network
     Intercommunication" which specified in detail the design of a
     Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:)

     BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a
     commercial version of ARPANET) (:sk2:)



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1975
     Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA)

     "Jargon File", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:)

     Shockwave Rider written by John Brunner (:pds:)

1976
     Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an e-mail
     (various Net folks have e-mailed dates ranging from 1971 to 1978;
     1976 was the most submitted and the only found in print)

     UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and
     distributed with UNIX one year later.

1977
     THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing
     electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using
     a locally developed email system and TELENET for access to server).

     Mail specification (RFC 733)

     Tymshare launches Tymnet

     First demonstration of ARPANET/Packet Radio Net/SATNET operation of
     Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:)

1979
     Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, NSF, and computer
     scientists from many universities to establish a Computer Science
     Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber)

     USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott,
     Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under net.*
     hierarchy.

     First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex

     ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB)

     Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding.
     Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET
     connection via SRI.

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                                   1980s

1981
     BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork"
        - Started as a cooperative network at the City University of New
          York, with the first connection to Yale (:feg:)
        - Original acronym stood for 'There' instead of 'Time' in
          reference to the free NJE protocols provided with the IBM
          systems
        - Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute
          information, as well as file transfers

     CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by a collaboration of
     computer scientists and Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of
     Wisconsin, RAND Corporation and BBN through seed money granted by
     NSF to provide networking services (especially email) to university
     scientists with no access to ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known as
     the Computer and Science Network. (:amk,lhl:)

     Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom.

     True Names written by Vernor Vinge (:pds:)

1982
     DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
     Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as
     TCP/IP, for ARPANET. (:vgc:)
        - This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" as
          a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP,
          and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets.
        - DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD (:vgc:)

     EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide email
     and USENET services. (:glg:)
        - original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden,
          and UK

     External Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification. EGP is used for
     gateways between networks.

1983
     Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring
     users to know the exact path to other systems.

     Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP (1 January)

     CSNET / ARPANET gateway put in place




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     ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became integrated
     with the Defense Data Network created the previous year.

     Desktop workstations come into being, many with Berkeley UNIX which
     includes IP networking software.

     Networking needs switch from having a single, large time sharing
     computer connected to the Internet at each site, to instead
     connecting entire local networks.

     Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing ICCB

     Berkeley releases 4.2BSD incorporating TCP/IP (:mpc:)

     EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established. Very
     similar to the way BITNET works with a gateway funded by IBM.

     FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings.

1984
     Domain Name System (DNS) introduced.

     Number of hosts breaks 1,000

     JUNET (Japan Unix Network) established using UUCP.

     JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK using the
     Coloured Book protocols; previously SERCnet.

     Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*)

     Neuromancer written by William Gibson

1985
    Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL) started

    Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at USC is given responsibility
    for DNS root management by DCA, and SRI for DNS NIC registrations

    Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first registered
    domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, ucla.edu
    (April); css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July)

    100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the cross-
    Canada railroad, the last Canadian university is connected to BITNET
    in a one year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity. (:kf1:)





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1986
     NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps)
        - NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide
          high-computing power for all (JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh,
          SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, Theory Center@Cornell).
        - This allows an explosion of connections, especially from
          universities.

     NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET operational
     (:sw1:)

     Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task
     Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF meeting
     held in January at Linkabit in San Diego

     The first Freenet (Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under the
     auspices of the Society for Public Access Computing (SoPAC). Later
     Freenet program management assumed by the National Public
     Telecomputing Network (NPTN) in 1989 (:sk2,rab:)

     Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet
     news performance over TCP/IP.

     Mail Exchanger (MX) records developed by Craig Partridge allow
     non-IP network hosts to have domain addresses.

     The great USENET name change; moderated newsgroups changed in 1987.

     BARRNET (Bay Area Regional Research Network) established using high
     speed links. Operational in 1987.

1987
     NSF signs a cooperative agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone
     with Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and MCI involvement was through an
     agreement with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI later founded ANS.

     UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and
     Usenet access. Originally an experiment by Rick Adams and Mike
     O'Dell

     Email link established between Germany and China using CSNET
     protocols, with the first message from China sent on 20 September.
     (:wz1:)

     1000th RFC: "Request For Comments reference guide"

     Number of hosts breaks 10,000




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     Number of BITNET hosts breaks 1,000

1988
     2 November - Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting
     ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet (:ph1:)

     CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response
     to the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm is
     the only advisory issued this year.

     DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. US
     Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to be
     supported by Government purchased products (:gck:)