tcpip-manpages.sgml

ecos实时嵌入式操作系统

     #include <sys/socket.h>
     #include <netdb.h>

     int
     getaddrinfo(const char *nodename, const char *servname,
             const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res);

     void
     freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai);

     char *
     gai_strerror(int ecode);

DESCRIPTION
     The getaddrinfo() function is defined for protocol-independent nodename-
     to-address translation.  It performs the functionality of
     gethostbyname(3) and getservbyname(3), but in a more sophisticated man-
     ner.

     The addrinfo structure is defined as a result of including the <netdb.h>
     header:

     struct addrinfo {                                                  *
          int     ai_flags;     /* AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST */
          int     ai_family;    /* PF_xxx */
          int     ai_socktype;  /* SOCK_xxx */
          int     ai_protocol;  /* 0 or IPPROTO_xxx for IPv4 and IPv6 */
          size_t  ai_addrlen;   /* length of ai_addr */
          char   *ai_canonname; /* canonical name for nodename */
          struct sockaddr  *ai_addr; /* binary address */
          struct addrinfo  *ai_next; /* next structure in linked list */
     };

     The nodename and servname arguments are pointers to NUL-terminated
     strings or NULL.  One or both of these two arguments must be a non-null
     pointer.  In the normal client scenario, both the nodename and servname
     are specified.  In the normal server scenario, only the servname is spec-
     ified.  A non-null nodename string can be either a node name or a numeric
     host address string (i.e., a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or an IPv6 hex
     address).  A non-null servname string can be either a service name or a
     decimal port number.

     The caller can optionally pass an addrinfo structure, pointed to by the
     third argument, to provide hints concerning the type of socket that the
     caller supports.  In this hints structure all members other than
     ai_flags, ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol must be zero or a null
     pointer.  A value of PF_UNSPEC for ai_family means the caller will accept
     any protocol family.  A value of 0 for ai_socktype means the caller will
     accept any socket type.  A value of 0 for ai_protocol means the caller
     will accept any protocol.  For example, if the caller handles only TCP
     and not UDP, then the ai_socktype member of the hints structure should be
     set to SOCK_STREAM when getaddrinfo() is called.  If the caller handles
     only IPv4 and not IPv6, then the ai_family member of the hints structure
     should be set to PF_INET when getaddrinfo() is called.  If the third
     argument to getaddrinfo() is a null pointer, this is the same as if the
     caller had filled in an addrinfo structure initialized to zero with
     ai_family set to PF_UNSPEC.

     Upon successful return a pointer to a linked list of one or more addrinfo
     structures is returned through the final argument.  The caller can pro-
     cess each addrinfo structure in this list by following the ai_next
     pointer, until a null pointer is encountered.  In each returned addrinfo
     structure the three members ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol are
     the corresponding arguments for a call to the socket() function.  In each
     addrinfo structure the ai_addr member points to a filled-in socket
     address structure whose length is specified by the ai_addrlen member.

     If the AI_PASSIVE bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints struc-
     ture, then the caller plans to use the returned socket address structure
     in a call to bind().  In this case, if the nodename argument is a null
     pointer, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure will
     be set to INADDR_ANY for an IPv4 address or IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for an IPv6
     address.

     If the AI_PASSIVE bit is not set in the ai_flags member of the hints
     structure, then the returned socket address structure will be ready for a
     call to connect() (for a connection-oriented protocol) or either
     connect(), sendto(), or sendmsg() (for a connectionless protocol).  In
     this case, if the nodename argument is a null pointer, then the IP
     address portion of the socket address structure will be set to the loop-
     back address.

     If the AI_CANONNAME bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints struc-
     ture, then upon successful return the ai_canonname member of the first
     addrinfo structure in the linked list will point to a NUL-terminated
     string containing the canonical name of the specified nodename.

     If the AI_NUMERICHOST bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints
     structure, then a non-null nodename string must be a numeric host address
     string.  Otherwise an error of EAI_NONAME is returned.  This flag pre-
     vents any type of name resolution service (e.g., the DNS) from being
     called.

     The arguments to getaddrinfo() must sufficiently be consistent and unam-
     biguous.  Here are pitfall cases you may encounter:

     o   getaddrinfo() will raise an error if members of the hints structure
         are not consistent.  For example, for internet address families,
         getaddrinfo() will raise an error if you specify SOCK_STREAM to
         ai_socktype while you specify IPPROTO_UDP to ai_protocol.

     o   If you specify a servname which is defined only for certain
         ai_socktype, getaddrinfo() will raise an error because the arguments
         are not consistent.  For example, getaddrinfo() will raise an error
         if you ask for ``tftp'' service on SOCK_STREAM.

     o   For internet address families, if you specify servname while you set
         ai_socktype to SOCK_RAW, getaddrinfo() will raise an error, because
         service names are not defined for the internet SOCK_RAW space.

     o   If you specify a numeric servname, while leaving ai_socktype and
         ai_protocol unspecified, getaddrinfo() will raise an error.  This is
         because the numeric servname does not identify any socket type, and
         getaddrinfo() is not allowed to glob the argument in such case.

     All of the information returned by getaddrinfo() is dynamically allo-
     cated: the addrinfo structures, the socket address structures, and canon-
     ical node name strings pointed to by the addrinfo structures.  To return
     this information to the system the function freeaddrinfo() is called.
     The addrinfo structure pointed to by the ai argument is freed, along with
     any dynamic storage pointed to by the structure.  This operation is
     repeated until a NULL ai_next pointer is encountered.

     To aid applications in printing error messages based on the EAI_xxx codes
     returned by getaddrinfo(), gai_strerror() is defined.  The argument is
     one of the EAI_xxx values defined earlier and the return value points to
     a string describing the error.  If the argument is not one of the EAI_xxx
     values, the function still returns a pointer to a string whose contents
     indicate an unknown error.

   Extension for scoped IPv6 address
     The implementation allows experimental numeric IPv6 address notation with
     scope identifier.  By appending the percent character and scope identi-
     fier to addresses, you can fill sin6_scope_id field for addresses.  This
     would make management of scoped address easier, and allows cut-and-paste
     input of scoped address.

     At this moment the code supports only link-local addresses with the for-
     mat.  Scope identifier is hardcoded to name of hardware interface associ-
     ated with the link.  (such as ne0).  Example would be like
     ``fe80::1%ne0'', which means ``fe80::1 on the link associated with ne0
     interface''.

     The implementation is still very experimental and non-standard.  The cur-
     rent implementation assumes one-by-one relationship between interface and
     link, which is not necessarily true from the specification.

EXAMPLES
     The following code tries to connect to ``www.kame.net'' service ``http''.
     via stream socket.  It loops through all the addresses available, regard-
     less from address family.  If the destination resolves to IPv4 address,
     it will use AF_INET socket.  Similarly, if it resolves to IPv6, AF_INET6
     socket is used.  Observe that there is no hardcoded reference to particu-
     lar address family.  The code works even if getaddrinfo returns addresses
     that are not IPv4/v6.

           struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
           int error;
           int s;
           const char *cause = NULL;

           memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
           hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC;
           hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
           error = getaddrinfo("www.kame.net", "http", &hints, &res0);
           if (error) {
                   errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
                   /*NOTREACHED*/
           }
           s = -1;
           for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
                   s = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
                       res->ai_protocol);
                   if (s < 0) {
                           cause = "socket";
                           continue;
                   }

                   if (connect(s, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
                           cause = "connect";
                           close(s);
                           s = -1;
                           continue;
                   }

                   break;  /* okay we got one */
           }
           if (s < 0) {
                   err(1, cause);
                   /*NOTREACHED*/
           }
           freeaddrinfo(res0);

     The following example tries to open a wildcard listening socket onto ser-
     vice ``http'', for all the address families available.

           struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
           int error;
           int s[MAXSOCK];
           int nsock;
           const char *cause = NULL;

           memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
           hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC;
           hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
           hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
           error = getaddrinfo(NULL, "http", &hints, &res0);
           if (error) {
                   errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
                   /*NOTREACHED*/
           }
           nsock = 0;
           for (res = res0; res && nsock < MAXSOCK; res = res->ai_next) {
                   s[nsock] = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
                       res->ai_protocol);
                   if (s[nsock] < 0) {
                           cause = "socket";
                           continue;
                   }

                   if (bind(s[nsock], res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
                           cause = "bind";
                           close(s[nsock]);
                           continue;
                   }
                   (void) listen(s[nsock], 5);

                   nsock++;
           }
           if (nsock == 0) {
                   err(1, cause);
                   /*NOTREACHED*/
           }
           freeaddrinfo(res0);

DIAGNOSTICS
     Error return status from getaddrinfo() is zero on success and non-zero on
     errors.  Non-zero error codes are defined in <netdb.h>, and as follows:

     EAI_ADDRFAMILY  Address family for nodename not supported.
     EAI_AGAIN       Temporary failure in name resolution.
     EAI_BADFLAGS    Invalid value for ai_flags.
     EAI_FAIL        Non-recoverable failure in name resolution.
     EAI_FAMILY      ai_family not supported.
     EAI_MEMORY      Memory allocation failure.
     EAI_NODATA      No address associated with nodename.
     EAI_NONAME      nodename nor servname provided, or not known.
     EAI_SERVICE     servname not supported for ai_socktype.
     EAI_SOCKTYPE    ai_socktype not supported.
     EAI_SYSTEM      System error returned in errno.

     If called with proper argument, gai_strerror() returns a pointer to a
     string describing the given error code.  If the argument is not one of
     the EAI_xxx values, the function still returns a pointer to a string
     whose contents indicate an unknown error.

SEE ALSO
     getnameinfo(3), gethostbyname(3), getservbyname(3), hosts(5),
     resolv.conf(5), services(5), hostname(7), named(8)

     R. Gilligan, S. Thomson, J. Bound, and W. Stevens, Basic Socket Interface
     Extensions for IPv6, RFC2553, March 1999.

     Tatsuya Jinmei and Atsushi Onoe, An Extension of Format for IPv6 Scoped
     Addresses, internet draft, draft-ietf-ipngwg-scopedaddr-format-02.txt,
     work in progress material.

     Craig Metz, "Protocol Independence Using the Sockets API", Proceedings of
     the freenix track: 2000 USENIX annual technical conference, June 2000.

HISTORY
     The implementation first appeared in WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack
     kit.

STANDARDS
     The getaddrinfo() function is defined in IEEE POSIX 1003.1g draft speci-
     fication, and documented in ``Basic Socket Interface Extensions for
     IPv6'' (RFC2553).

BUGS
     The current implementation is not thread-safe.

     The text was shamelessly copied from RFC2553.

BSD                              May 25, 1995                              BSD
    </screen>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="net-common-tcpip-manpages-gethostbyname">
    <title>gethostbyname</title>
    <screen>
GETHOSTBYNAME(3)        System Library Functions Manual       GETHOSTBYNAME(3)

NAME
     gethostbyname, gethostbyname2, gethostbyaddr, gethostent, sethostent,
     endhostent, hstrerror, herror - get network host entry

SYNOPSIS
     #include &lt;netdb.h>
     extern int h_errno;

     struct hostent *
     gethostbyname(const char *name);

     struct hostent *
     gethostbyname2(const char *name, int af);

     struct hostent *
     gethostbyaddr(const char *addr, int len, int af);

     struct hostent *
     gethostent(void);

     void
     sethostent(int stayopen);

     void
     endhostent(void);

     void
     herror(const char *string);

     const char *
     hstrerror(int err);

DESCRIPTION
     The gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr() functions each return a pointer
     to an object with the following structure describing an internet host
     referenced by name or by address, respectively.  This structure contains
     either information obtained from the name server (i.e., resolver(3) and
     named(8)), broken-out fields from a line in /etc/hosts, or database
     entries supplied by the yp(8) system.  resolv.conf(5) describes how the
     particular database is chosen.

     struct  hostent {
             char    *h_name;        /* official name of host */