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<td width="631"><B><FONT color=#008080
size=6>UML</FONT><FONT color=#008080><FONT face=方正姚体 color=#008080
size=6>软件工程</FONT><FONT face=方正姚体 size=6>组织</FONT></FONT></B>
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<td class="content"><div align="center" class="content"><a href="javascript:if(confirm('http://www.uml.net.cn/ \n\nThis file was not retrieved by Teleport Pro, because it is addressed on a domain or path outside the boundaries set for its Starting Address. \n\nDo you want to open it from the server?'))window.location='http://www.uml.net.cn/'" tppabs="http://www.uml.net.cn/" target="_blank" class="content_a">北京火龙果软件工程技术中心</a></div></td>
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<td height="56" align="center" valign="middle" class="title"> <B>UML basics: An introduction to the Unified Modeling Language</B></td>
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<td height="40" align="center" class="formtitle">Donald Bell IBM</td>
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<td height="65" class="content"><BLOCKQUOTE>Read this article for a general overview of UML. First published in the June 2003 issue of The Rational Edge.</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><IMG height=346 alt=Illustration hspace=5 src="2004421491.jpg" tppabs="http://www.uml.org.cn/images/upfile/2004421491.jpg" width=260 align=right border=0> <I xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">Way back in the late twentieth century ?</I></P>
<P><I xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">1997 to be exact ?the Object Management Group (OMG) released the Unified Modeling Language (UML). One of the purposes of UML was to provide the development community with a stable and common design language that could be used to develop and build computer applications. UML brought forth a unified standard modeling notation that IT professionals had been wanting for years. Using UML, IT professionals could now read and disseminate system structure and design plans ?just as construction workers have been doing for years with blueprints of buildings.</I></P>
<P><I xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">It is now the twenty-first century ?2003 to be precise ?and UML has gained traction in our profession. On 75 percent of the resumes I see, there is a bullet point claiming knowledge of UML. However, after speaking with a majority of these job candidates, it becomes clear that they do not truly know UML. Typically, they are either using it as a buzz word, or they have had a sliver of exposure to UML. This lack of understanding inspired me to write this quick introduction to UML 1.4. When you are finished reading you will not have enough knowledge to put UML on your resume, but you will have a starting point for digging more deeply into the language.</I></P>
<P><A name=N10047><SPAN class=atitle2><STRONG><FONT size=4>A little background</FONT></STRONG></SPAN></A><BR>As I mentioned, UML was meant to be a unifying language enabling IT professionals to model computer applications. The primary authors were Jim Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, and Grady Booch, who originally had their own competing methods (OMT, OOSE, and Booch). Eventually, they joined forces and brought about an open standard. (Sound familiar? A similar phenomenon spawned J2EE, SOAP, and Linux.) One reason UML has become a <I xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">standard </I>modeling language is that it is programming-language independent. (UML modeling tools from IBM Rational are used extensively in J2EE shops as well in .NET shops.) Also, the UML notation set is a language and not a methodology. This is important, because a language, as opposed to a methodology, can easily fit into any companys way of conducting business without requiring change.</P>
<P>Since UML is not a methodology, it does not require any formal work products (i.e., artifacts in IBM Rational Unified Process<SUP>?/SUP> lingo). Yet it does provide several types of diagrams that, when used within a given methodology, increase the ease of understanding an application under development. There is more to UML than these diagrams, but for my purposes here, the diagrams offer a good introduction to the language and the principles behind its use. By placing standard UML diagrams in your methodologys work products, you make it easier for UML-proficient people to join your project and quickly become productive. The most useful, standard UML diagrams are: use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram, statechart diagram, activity diagram, component diagram, and deployment diagram.</P>
<P>It is beyond the scope of this introductory article to go into great detail about each type of diagram. Instead, I will provide you with enough information for a general understanding of each one and then supply more details in later articles. </P>
<P><A name=N1005E><SPAN class=atitle2><STRONG><FONT size=4>Use-case diagram</FONT></STRONG></SPAN></A><BR>A use case illustrates a unit of functionality provided by the system. The main purpose of the use-case diagram is to help development teams visualize the functional requirements of a system, including the relationship of actors (human beings who will interact with the system) to essential processes, as well as the relationships among different use cases. Use-case diagrams generally show groups of use cases ?either all use cases for the complete system, or a breakout of a particular group of use cases with related functionality (e.g., all security administration-related use cases). To show a use case on a use-case diagram, you draw an oval in the middle of the diagram and put the name of the use case in the center of, or below, the oval. To draw an actor (indicating a system user) on a use-case diagram, you draw a stick person to the left or right of your diagram (and just in case youre wondering, some people draw prettier stick people than others). Use simple lines to depict relationships between actors and use cases, as shown in Figure 1. </P>
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