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<p align="center"><font size="6" color="#0000ff">general midi level spec</font></p>
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**** brief overview of proposed general midi level 1 spec ****<br>
<br>
the heart of general midi (gm) is the _instrument patch map_, shown in<br>
table 1 (see below). this is a list of 128 sounds, with corresponding<br>
midi program numbers. most of these are imitative sounds, though the<br>
list includes synth sounds, ethnic instruments and a handful of sound<br>
effects.<br>
the sounds fall roughtly into sixteen families of eight variations<br>
each. grouping sounds makes it easy to re-orchestrate a piece using<br>
similar sounds. the instrument map isn't the final word on musical<br>
instruments of the world, but it's pretty complete<br>
general midi also includes a _percusssion key map_, show in table 2<br>
(see below). this mapping derives from the roland/sequential mapping<br>
used on early drum machines. as with the instrument map, it doesn't<br>
cover every percussive instrument in the world, but it's more than<br>
adequate as a basic set.<br>
to avoid concerns with channels, gm restricts percussion to midi<br>
channel 10. theoretically, the lower nine channels are for the<br>
instruments, but the gm spec states that a sound module must respond<br>
to all sixteen midi channels, with dynamic voice allocation and a<br>
minimum of 24 voices.<br>
general midi doesn't mention sound quality of synthesis methods.<br>
discussions are under way on standardizing sound parameters such as<br>
playable range and envelope times. this will ensure that an arrangement<br>
that relies on phrsing and balance can play back on a variety of<br>
modules.<br>
other requirements for a gm sound module include response to velocity,<br>
mod wheel, aftertouch, sustain and expression pedal, main volume and<br>
pan, and the all notes off and reset all controllers messages. the<br>
module also must respond to both pitch bend and pitch bend sensitivity<br>
(a midi registered parameter). the default pitch bend range is +-2<br>
semitones.<br>
middle c (c3) corresponds to midi key 60, and master tuning must be<br>
adjustable. finally, the midi manufacturers association (mma) created a<br>
new universal system exclusive message to turn general midi on and off<br>
(for devices that might have "consumer" and "programmable" settings).<br>
table 3 (see below) summarizes these requirements.<br>
general midi has room for future expansion, including additional drum<br>
and instrument assignments and more required controllers. also under<br>
discussion is an "authorizing document" that would standardize things<br>
such as channel assignments (e.g., lead on 1, bass on 2, etc.) and setup<br>
information in a midi file.<br>
<br>
copies of the level 1 specification documents for general midi ($5 each<br>
at last notice) are available from the internation midi association,<br>
5316 west 57th street los angeles, ca 90056, (213) 649-6434. the first<br>
issue of the journal of the mma (back issues, $15 each) contains an<br>
article by passport designs and stanley junglieb about general midi.<br>
<br>
<br>
roland's gs standard<br>
<br>
when warner new media first proposed a general midi standard, most mma<br>
members gave it little thought. as discussions proceeded, roland<br>
listened and developed a sound module to meet the proposed<br>
specification. at the same namm show where the mma ratified general midi<br>
level 1, roland showed their sound brush and sound canvas, a standard<br>
midi file player and gm-compatible sound module.<br>
some companies feel that general midi doesn't go far enough, so roland<br>
created a superset of general midi level 1, which they call gs standard.<br>
it obeys all the protocols and sound maps of general midi and adds many<br>
extra controllers and sounds. some of the controllers use unregistered<br>
parameter numbers to give macro control over synth parameters such as<br>
envelope attack and decay rates.<br>
the new midi bank select message provides access to extra sounds<br>
(including variations on the stock sounds and a re-creation of the mt-32<br>
factory patches). the programs in each bank align with the original 128<br>
in general midi's instrument patch map, with eight banks housing related<br>
families. the gs standard includes a "fall back" system. if the sound<br>
canvas receives a request for a bank/program number combination that<br>
does not exist, it will reassign it to the master instrument in that<br>
family. a set of roland system exclusive messages allows reconfiguration<br>
and customization of the sound module.<br>
this means that a roland gs standard sound module will correctly play<br>
back any song designed for general midi. in addition, if the song's<br>
creator wants to create some extra nuance, they can include the gs<br>
standard extensions in their sequence. none of these extensions are so<br>
radical as to make the song unplayable on a normal gm sound module.<br>
after all, compatibility is what midi - and especially general midi - is<br>
all about.<br>
music authors interested in the gs standard should contact tom white<br>
at rolandcorp usa, 7200 dominion circle, los angeles, ca 90040, (213)<br>
685-5141.<br>
<br>
**** table 1 - general midi instrument patch map ****<br>
(groups sounds into sixteen families, w/8 instruments in each family)<br>
<br>
prog# instrument prog# instrument<br>
<br>
(1-8 piano) (9-16 chrom percussion)<br>
1 acoustic grand 9 celesta<br>
2 bright acoustic 10 glockenspiel<br>
3 electric grand 11 music box<br>
4 honky-tonk 12 vibraphone<br>
5 electric piano 1 13 marimba<br>
6 electric piano 2 14 xylophone<br>
7 harpsichord 15 tubular bells<br>
8 clav 16 dulcimer<br>
<br>
(17-24 organ) (25-32 guitar)<br>
17 drawbar organ 25 acoustic guitar(nylon)<br>
18 percussive organ 26 acoustic guitar(steel)<br>
19 rock organ 27 electric guitar(jazz)<br>
20 church organ 28 electric guitar(clean)<br>
21 reed organ 29 electric guitar(muted)<br>
22 accoridan 30 overdriven guitar<br>
23 harmonica 31 distortion guitar<br>
24 tango accordian 32 guitar harmonics<br>
<br>
(33-40 bass) (41-48 strings)<br>
33 acoustic bass 41 violin<br>
34 electric bass(finger) 42 viola<br>
35 electric bass(pick) 43 cello<br>
36 fretless bass 44 contrabass<br>
37 slap bass 1 45 tremolo strings<br>
38 slap bass 2 46 pizzicato strings<br>
39 synth bass 1 47 orchestral strings<br>
40 synth bass 2 48 timpani<br>
<br>
(49-56 ensemble) (57-64 brass)<br>
49 string ensemble 1 57 trumpet<br>
50 string ensemble 2 58 trombone<br>
51 synthstrings 1 59 tuba<br>
52 synthstrings 2 60 muted trumpet<br>
53 choir aahs 61 french horn<br>
54 voice oohs 62 brass section<br>
55 synth voice 63 synthbrass 1<br>
56 orchestra hit 64 synthbrass 2<br>
<br>
(65-72 reed) (73-80 pipe)<br>
65 soprano sax 73 piccolo<br>
66 alto sax 74 flute<br>
67 tenor sax 75 recorder<br>
68 baritone sax 76 pan flute<br>
69 oboe 77 blown bottle<br>
70 english horn 78 skakuhachi<br>
71 bassoon 79 whistle<br>
72 clarinet 80 ocarina<br>
<br>
(81-88 synth lead) (89-96 synth pad)<br>
81 lead 1 (square) 89 pad 1 (new age)<br>
82 lead 2 (sawtooth) 90 pad 2 (warm)<br>
83 lead 3 (calliope) 91 pad 3 (polysynth)<br>
84 lead 4 (chiff) 92 pad 4 (choir)<br>
85 lead 5 (charang) 93 pad 5 (bowed)<br>
86 lead 6 (voice) 94 pad 6 (metallic)<br>
87 lead 7 (fifths) 95 pad 7 (halo)<br>
88 lead 8 (bass+lead) 96 pad 8 (sweep)<br>
<br>
(97-104 synth effects) (105-112 ethnic)<br>
97 fx 1 (rain) 105 sitar<br>
98 fx 2 (soundtrack) 106 banjo<br>
99 fx 3 (crystal) 107 shamisen<br>
100 fx 4 (atmosphere) 108 koto<br>
101 fx 5 (brightness) 109 kalimba<br>
102 fx 6 (goblins) 110 bagpipe<br>
103 fx 7 (echoes) 111 fiddle<br>
104 fx 8 (sci-fi) 112 shanai<br>
<br>
(113-120 percussive) (121-128 sound effects)<br>
113 tinkle bell 121 guitar fret noise<br>
114 agogo 122 breath noise<br>
115 steel drums 123 seashore<br>
116 woodblock 124 bird tweet<br>
117 taiko drum 125 telephone ring<br>
118 melodic tom 126 helicopter<br>
119 synth drum 127 applause<br>
120 reverse cymbal 128 gunshot<br>
<br>
<br>
**** table 2 - general midi percussion key map ****<br>
(assigns drum sounds to note numbers. midi channel 10 is for percussion)<br>
<br>
midi drum sound midi drum sound<br>
key key<br>
<br>
35 acoustic bass drum 59 ride cymbal 2<br>
36 bass drum 1 60 hi bongo<br>
37 side stick 61 low bongo<br>
38 acoustic snare 62 mute hi conga<br>
39 hand clap 63 open hi conga<br>
40 electric snare 64 low conga<br>
41 low floor tom 65 high timbale<br>
42 closed hi-hat 66 low timbale<br>
43 high floor tom 67 high agogo<br>
44 pedal hi-hat 68 low agogo<br>
45 low tom 69 cabasa<br>
46 open hi-hat 70 maracas<br>
47 low-mid tom 71 short whistle<br>
48 hi-mid tom 72 long whistle<br>
49 crash cymbal 1 73 short guiro<br>
50 high tom 74 long guiro<br>
51 ride cymbal 1 75 claves<br>
52 chinese cymbal 76 hi wood block<br>
53 ride bell 77 low wood block<br>
54 tambourine 78 mute cuica<br>
55 splash cymbal 79 open cuica<br>
56 cowbell 80 mute triangle<br>
57 crash cymbal 2 81 open triangle<br>
58 vibraslap<br>
<br>
<br>
**** table 3 - general midi minimum sound module specs ****<br>
<br>
voices:<br>
a minimum of either 24 fully dynamically allocated voices<br>
available simultaneously for both melodic and percussive sounds or 16<br>
dynamically allocated voices for melody plus eight for percussion.<br>
<br>
channels:<br>
general midi mode supports all sixteen midi channels. each channel can<br>
play a variable number of voices (polyphony). each channel can play a<br>
different instrument (timbre). keybased percussion is always on<br>
channel 10.<br>
<br>
instruments:<br>
a minimum of sixteen different timbres playing various instrument<br>
sounds. a minimum of 128 preset for intruments (midi program numbers).<br>
<br>
note on/note off:<br>
octabe registration: middle c(c3) = midi key 60. all voices including<br>
percussion respond to velocity.<br>
<br>
controllers:<br>
controller # description<br>
1 modulation<br>
7 main volume<br>
10 pan<br>
11 expression<br>
64 sustain<br>
121 reset all controllers<br>
123 all notes off<br>
<br>
registered description<br>
parameter #<br>
0 pitch bend sensitivity<br>
1 fine tuning<br>
2 coarse tuning<br>
<br>
additional channel messages:<br>
channel pressure (aftertouch)<br>
pitch bend<br>
<br>
power-up defaults:<br>
pitch bend amount = 0<br>
pitch bend sensitivity = +-2 semitones<br>
volume = 90<br>
all other controllers = reset<br>
<br>
(after electronic musician, 8/91 issue)<hr>
<p>date: tue, 14 jan 92 23:01:16 est<br>
from: jeff@millie.loc.gov (jeff mallory)<br>
subject: general midi level spec</td>
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