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<p align="center"><font size="6" color="#0000ff">wordstar file format release 7.0</font></p>
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march 17, 1992<br>
<br>
<br>
the wordstar file format is a living specification, continually evolving to<br>
meet the needs of new provisions and features. with each release of wordstar,<br>
new commands are established, and slight changes are made to the meaning of<br>
various codes. while every effort has been made to make this document an<br>
accurate reflection of the wordstar format as it stands now, no guarantee can<br>
be given that future releases of the program will follow the specifications as<br>
they are expressed here.<br>
<br>
<br>
textual information <br>
wordstar files contain text which conforms in general to the 7-bit ascii code<br>
for printable characters. all codes below 20h are reserved for control<br>
information, and the high (8th) bit on characters is likewise used to convey<br>
information about formatting and document control. a raw stream of the<br>
printable text in a wordstar file could therefore be discerned by masking off<br>
the 8th bit and discarding codes in the range of 00h through 1fh. this<br>
method would, of course, omit all formatting and control information in the<br>
file. in addition to stripping control characters, symmetrical sequences must<br>
be stripped. see the description of symmetrical sequences below.<br>
more recent versions of wordstar (release 3.4 and above) provide for an<br>
extension to the 7-bit ascii character set by means of 3-byte sequences.<br>
these codes all begin with the lead-in character <1bh> and end with the<br>
trailer <1ch>. the code in between these two characters can be any value in<br>
the range from 00h through ffh. in general, this scheme is used to support<br>
printable codes less than 20h and greater than 7fh.<br>
starting with version 5.0, wordstar files also contain "symmetrical<br>
sequences". these are used for footnotes, font tags, etc. in addition,<br>
wordstar 5.0 (and later) files begin with a symmetrical sequence which is<br>
used as a header. see the description of the header symmetrical sequence<br>
below.<br>
<br>
<br>
formatting and control information <br>
<br>
<br>
high bits <br>
<br>
all wordstar files terminate normal lines (paragraphs) with the sequence <0dh,<br>
0ah> (carriage return, line feed). a "soft return" <8dh, 0ah> is
inserted in<br>
the text stream at the points where lines are subject to word-wrap. a "soft<br>
space" <a0h> is inserted for tabbing, justification, and for left-margin<br>
indentation. in normal mid-paragraph lines, the blank characters (usually<br>
space) following words at the end of lines will be retained, so that the<br>
user's text is fully retained.<br>
an "inactive soft hyphen" <1eh> is inserted in the text stream at places
where<br>
hyphenation may be allowed to occur. when the word is actually broken at the<br>
hyphenation spot, the inactive soft hyphen is changed to an "active soft<br>
hyphen" <1fh>. this active hyphen, since it falls at the end of a<br>
mid-paragraph line, will be immediately followed by the soft return mentioned<br>
above.<br>
in versions of wordstar prior to 5.0, the high bit was set on the last<br>
character of all non-blank text strings that fell within the margins. the<br>
printer drivers relied on this information to determine which text was to be<br>
microjustified. this functionality was dropped in the later versions in<br>
favor of the use of absolute tabs, margin dot commands, and paragraph styles.<br>
<br>
<br>
low-order codes <br>
<br>
wordstar (all versions) uses the ascii codes below 20h for control<br>
information. the specific assignment of meanings to codes is as follows:<br>
<br>
00h ^@ fix the print position. at print time the print head is moved to
the<br>
absolute column position where the ^@ appears in the text. this is<br>
primarily used to line up proportional text or text that mixes the<br>
normal and alternate character widths.<br>
<br>
01h ^a alternate font. at print time the alternate character width is<br>
selected at the point in the text where the ^a appears. the<br>
alternate character width can be either preinstalled or changed with<br>
the .cw dot command while ^a is in effect. this print control is now<br>
obsolete. see the description of symmetrical sequence 15h, below.<br>
<br>
02h ^b boldface type on/off toggle.<br>
<br>
03h ^c pause for user response during print.<br>
<br>
04h ^d double strike printing on/off toggle.<br>
<br>
05h ^e custom print control. the user may either preinstall the print<br>
control string to be sent when ^e is encountered in the text, or the<br>
.xe dot command may be used to define it within a document.<br>
<br>
06h ^f phantom space. primarily used to access characters on a daisy
wheel<br>
at the 20h print position. on other types of printers results vary.<br>
<br>
07h ^g phantom rubout. primarily used to access characters on a daisy
wheel<br>
at the 7fh print position. on other types of printers results vary.<br>
<br>
08h ^h overprint previous character.<br>
<br>
09h ^i tab character. at print time the number of hard spaces required
to<br>
reach a modulus 8 print position is generated.<br>
<br>
0ah ^j line feed. at print time causes a paper advance to the next line.<br>
<br>
0bh ^k within the main text body, it is used to around words or phrases
to<br>
be indexed. in a header or footer line, on odd numbered pages all<br>
blanks following the ^k are suppressed.<br>
<br>
0ch ^l form feed. at print time causes page to be ejected. no footer
lines<br>
are printed.<br>
<br>
0dh ^m carriage return.<br>
<br>
0eh ^n return to the normal character width. now obsolete, see the<br>
description for the symmetrical sequence 15h, below.<br>
<br>
0fh ^o binding space. printed as a space. it is used to bind together
text<br>
that must not be split when a paragraph is realigned.<br>
<br>
10h ^p reserved.<br>
<br>
11h ^q custom print control.<br>
<br>
12h ^r custom print control.<br>
<br>
13h ^s underline on/off toggle.<br>
<br>
14h ^t superscript on/off toggle.<br>
<br>
15h ^u reserved.<br>
<br>
16h ^v subscript on/off toggle.<br>
<br>
17h ^w custom print control.<br>
<br>
18h ^x strikeout on/off toggle. causes all text between successive ^x's
to<br>
be overstruck with a dash (unless re installed for some other<br>
character).<br>
<br>
19h ^y italics on/off toggle (depending on the printer). versions of<br>
wordstar prior to 5.0 could also use this character as a ribbon color<br>
change. this was replaced in the later versions with color selection<br>
via ^p-.<br>
<br>
1ah ^z end of file character. when encountered indicates the end of the<br>
file.<br>
<br>
1bh ^[ escape. reserved. also used as the extended character set lead-in<br>
code. if the second byte following the 1bh is a 1ch, the intervening<br>
byte is an extended character. example: <1bh,aeh,1ch>.<br>
<br>
1ch ^\ reserved. also used as the extended character set trailer code if<br>
the second byte preceding it is a 1bh.<br>
<br>
1dh ^] symmetrical sequence start/stop character (see below).<br>
<br>
1eh ^^ inactive soft hyphen. indicates a position at which a word may be<br>
broken for word-wrap.<br>
<br>
1fh ^_ active soft hyphen. indicates a place at which a word has been<br>
broken for word-wrap.<br>
<br>
dot commands<br>
<br>
additional formatting information is recorded in wordstar files through means<br>
of "dot commands." dot commands are instructions that are preceded (in the<br>
first position in the line) by a period <2eh> and stand alone as the only<br>
entry on that line. (see the wordstar documentation for exact descriptions<br>
of each dot command.)<br>
<br>
in the table below, the codes in the "usage" column indicate the following:<br>
<br>
m affects only merge printing.<br>
i affects only indexing.<br>
t affects only table of contents.<br>
p affects printing or merge printing.<br>
e affects editing, printing, or merge printing.<br>
<br>
in most cases, the dot commands that affect editing show some effect on the<br>
screen as the command is typed or changed. as the cursor is moved forward<br>
through the document, wordstar stores enough information about the command<br>
so that the previous state can be restored when the cursor is later moved<br>
backwards. there is a limited amount of storage for this information and it<br>
is controlled with the user area variable dstksz.<br>
<br>
versions prior to 4.0 require whole numbers as arguments to dot commands that<br>
require numbers (subscript roll, page offset). with version 4.0, math was<br>
allowed in the arguments for easier entry of complex page layouts. in<br>
version 5.0, the ability to specify measurements in inches was added. in<br>
version 5.5 revision c, measurements in points and centimeters were allowed.<br>
inches in 5.0 were specified using the double quote only. in 5.5c, inch<br>
measurements were allowed with 'i' or 'in'. centimeters are specified as 'c'<br>
or 'cm', and points with 'p' or 'pm'. upper and lower case are allowed with<br>
these. most dot commands that take their arguments as number of lines or<br>
columns will allow measurements as well. refer to the wordstar documentation<br>
to find out which dot commands accept measurements as arguments.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
the present interpretation of dot commands is:<br>
<br>
command usage meaning<br>
<br>
.av m ask for variable. requests the user to enter
data from the<br>
keyboard at print time for a specific variable.<br>
<br>
.aw e m aligning and word wrap on/off. enables or
disables aligning<br>
and word wrap at a specific point in the document. used<br>
primarily to prevent changes to tables.<br>
<br>
.bn p bin select. selects one of the sheet feeder bins at print<br>
time. the number of sheet feeders is defined in the pdf.<br>
<br>
.bp p bidirectional print on/off. enables and disables<br>
bidirectional printing. if the printer does not have<br>
bidirectional printing capability, this command is ignored.<br>
<br>
.cc e p conditional column break. like the .cp
command, but works<br>
with columnar breaks instead. if the number of lines<br>
following the conditional column break command fit on the<br>
current page, then there is no effect, otherwise, a columnar<br>
break will occur.<br>
<br>
.co e p columns. allows the user to specify the number
of columns and<br>
optionally, the gutter width in columns or inches.<br>
<br>
.cp e p conditional page break. if there are less than
the number of<br>
lines specified remaining on the page, then a page break is<br>
generated. if the number of lines following the conditional<br>
page break fit on the current page, then there is no effect.<br>
takes the line height changes into account.<br>
<br>
.cs p clear screen and display message. this command
is used to<br>
clear the screen during printing. if a message follows the<br>
.cs, it is displayed on the first screen line below the print<br>
menu.<br>
<br>
.cv e p convert note type. for further areas in the
document, all<br>
notes of the first type specified will be treated as notes of<br>
the second type. works with comments, footnotes, and<br>
endnotes.<br>
<br>
.cw p character width. this command allows the user to
specify<br>
the width of the characters in 1/120 inch increments. this<br>
width takes effect on the next line of text. either the<br>
normal (^n) or alternate (^a) character width is changed<br>
depending which is in effect. the default is 12 (12/120ths<br>
is 10 characters per inch).<br>
<br>
.df m data file. this merge print command is used to
specify the file name which holds data that will be merged into text. the data file may be
in comma delimited format, a dbase file, or a lotus 123, symphony, quattro, or vp- planner
worksheet. the user may also optionally change the data separator character for that file.<br>
<br>
.dm p display a message. displays a message on the
screen at print time. if printing in the background../jpg/di1.JPG .dm's can "scroll off" the
screen while it is hidden from the user.<br>
<br>
.e# e p set endnote value. specifies the new value for
endnote numbering.<br>
<br>
.ei m end if. indicates the final spot in a merge
print document affected by a .if command. there must be one .ei for every .if command.<br>
<br>
.el m else. used for the "else" case after
using a .if command. .el commands are optional.<br>
<br>
.f# e p set footnote numbering type and value.
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