chap12_4.htm

MFC开发基础教程

    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(!fState){</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(GetLastError()==ERROR_IO_PENDING)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GetOverlappedResult(m_hCom,&amp;m_osWrite,&amp;length,TRUE);// </font><font SIZE="3">等待</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">else</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">length=0;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">return length;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">// </font><font SIZE="3">工作者线程，负责监视串行口</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">UINT CommProc(LPVOID pParam)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">OVERLAPPED os;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">DWORD dwMask, dwTrans;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">COMSTAT ComStat;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">DWORD dwErrorFlags;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CTerminalDoc *pDoc=(CTerminalDoc*)pParam;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">memset(&amp;os, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">os.hEvent=CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(os.hEvent==NULL)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">AfxMessageBox(&quot;Can't create event object!&quot;);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">return (UINT)-1;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">while(pDoc-&gt;m_bConnected)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ClearCommError(pDoc-&gt;m_hCom,&amp;dwErrorFlags,&amp;ComStat);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(ComStat.cbInQue)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">// </font><font SIZE="3">无限等待</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">消息被处理完</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">WaitForSingleObject(pDoc-&gt;m_hPostMsgEvent, INFINITE);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ResetEvent(pDoc-&gt;m_hPostMsgEvent);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">// </font><font SIZE="3">通知视图</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">PostMessage(pDoc-&gt;m_hTermWnd, WM_COMMNOTIFY, EV_RXCHAR, 0);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">continue;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">dwMask=0;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(!WaitCommEvent(pDoc-&gt;m_hCom, &amp;dwMask, &amp;os)) // </font><font SIZE="3">重叠操作</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(GetLastError()==ERROR_IO_PENDING)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">// </font><font SIZE="3">无限等待重叠操作结果</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GetOverlappedResult(pDoc-&gt;m_hCom, &amp;os, &amp;dwTrans, TRUE);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">else</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CloseHandle(os.hEvent);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">return (UINT)-1;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CloseHandle(os.hEvent);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">return 0;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</b></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">BOOL CTerminalDoc::CanCloseFrame(CFrameWnd* pFrame) </p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">// TODO: Add your specialized code here and/or call the base class</p>
    <p></font><b><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">SetModifiedFlag(FALSE); // </font><font SIZE="3">将文档的修改标志设置成未修改</font></b><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">return CDocument::CanCloseFrame(pFrame);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p></font><b><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font></b><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">毫无疑问，</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CTerminalDoc</font><font SIZE="3">类是研究重点。该类负责</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">Terminal</font><font SIZE="3">的通信任务，主要包括设置通信参数、打开和关闭串行口、建立和终止辅助工作线程、用辅助线程监视串行口等等。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">在</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CTerminalDoc</font><font SIZE="3">类的头文件中，有些变量是用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">volatile</font><font SIZE="3">关键字声明的。当两个线程都要用到某一个变量且该变量的值会被改变时，应该用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">volatile</font><font SIZE="3">声明，该关键字的作用是防止优化编译器把变量从内存装入</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CPU</font><font SIZE="3">寄存器中。如果变量被装入寄存器，那么两个线程有可能一个使用内存中的变量，一个使用寄存器中的变量，这会造成程序的错误执行。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">成员</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_bConnected</font><font SIZE="3">用来表明当前是否存在一个通信连接。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_hTermWnd</font><font SIZE="3">用来保存是视图的窗口句柄。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_hPostMsgEvent</font><font SIZE="3">事件对象用于</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">消息的允许和禁止。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_pThread</font><font SIZE="3">用来指向</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">AfxBeginThread</font><font SIZE="3">创建的</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CWinThread</font><font SIZE="3">对象，以便对线程进行控制。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">OVERLAPPED</font><font SIZE="3">结构</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_osRead</font><font SIZE="3">和</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_osWrite</font><font SIZE="3">用于串行口的重叠读</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">/</font><font SIZE="3">写，程序应该为它们的</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">hEvent</font><font SIZE="3">成员创建事件句柄。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CTerminalDoc</font><font SIZE="3">类的构造函数主要完成一些通信参数的初始化工作。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">OnNewDocument</font><font SIZE="3">成员函数创建了三个事件对象，</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CTerminalDoc</font><font SIZE="3">的析构函数关闭串行口并删除事件对象句柄。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">OnFileSettings</font><font SIZE="3">是</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">File-&gt;Settings...</font><font SIZE="3">的命令处理函数，该函数弹出一个</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CSetupDlg</font><font SIZE="3">对话框来设置通信参数。实际的设置工作由</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ConfigConnection</font><font SIZE="3">函数完成，在</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">OpenConnection</font><font SIZE="3">和</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">OnFileSettings</font><font SIZE="3">中都会调用该函数。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">OpenConnection</font><font SIZE="3">负责打开串行口并建立辅助工作线程，当用户选择了</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">File-&gt;Connect</font><font SIZE="3">命令时，消息处理函数</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">OnFileConnect</font><font SIZE="3">将调用该函数。该函数调用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CreateFile</font><font SIZE="3">以重叠方式打开指定的串行口并把返回的句柄保存在</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_hCom</font><font SIZE="3">成员中。接着，函数对</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_hCom</font><font SIZE="3">通信设备进行各种设置。需要注意的是对超时的设定，将读间隔超时设置为</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">MAXDWORD</font><font SIZE="3">并使其它读超时参数为</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">0</font><font SIZE="3">会导致</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ReadFile</font><font SIZE="3">函数立即完成操作并返回，而不管读入了多少字符。设置超时就规定了</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">GetOverlappedResult</font><font SIZE="3">函数的等待时间，因此有必要将写超时设置成适当的值，这样如果不能完成写串口的任务，</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">GetOverlappedResult</font><font SIZE="3">函数会在超过规定超时后结束等待并报告实际传输的字符数。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">如果对</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_hCom</font><font SIZE="3">设置成功，则函数会建立一个辅助线程并暂时将其挂起。在最后，调用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CWinThread:: ResumeThread</font><font SIZE="3">使线程开始运行。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">OpenConnection</font><font SIZE="3">调用成功后，线程函数</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CommProc</font><font SIZE="3">就开始工作。该函数的主体是一个</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">while</font><font SIZE="3">循环，在该循环内，混合了两种方法监视串行口输入的方法。先是调用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ClearCommError</font><font SIZE="3">函数查询输入缓冲区中是否有字符，如果有，就向视图发送</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">消息通知其接收字符。如果没有，则调用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WaitCommEvent</font><font SIZE="3">函数监视</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">EV_RXCHAR</font><font SIZE="3">通信事件，该函数执行重叠操作，紧接着调用的</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">GetOverlappedResult</font><font SIZE="3">函数无限等待通信事件，如果</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">EV_RXCHAR</font><font SIZE="3">事件发生（串口收到字符并放入输入缓冲区中），那么函数就结束等待。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">上述两种方法的混合使用兼顾了线程的效率和可靠性。如果只用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ClearCommError</font><font SIZE="3">函数，则辅助线程将不断耗费</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CPU</font><font SIZE="3">时间来查询，效率较低。如果只用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WaitCommEvent</font><font SIZE="3">来监视，那么由于该函数对输入缓冲区中已有的字符不会产生</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">EV_RXCHAR</font><font SIZE="3">事件，因此在通信速率较高时，会造成数据的延误和丢失。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">注意到辅助线程用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_PostMsgEvent</font><font SIZE="3">事件对象来同步</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">消息的发送。在发送消息之前，</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WaitForSingleObject</font><font SIZE="3">函数无限等待</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_PostMsgEvent</font><font SIZE="3">对象，</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">的消息处理函数</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">CTerminalView::OnCommNotify</font><font SIZE="3">在返回时会把该对象置为有信号，因此，如果</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WaitForSingleObject</font><font SIZE="3">函数返回，则说明上一个</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">消息已被处理完，这时才能发下一个消息，在发消息前还要调用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ResetEvent</font><font SIZE="3">把</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_PostMsgEvent</font><font SIZE="3">对象置为无信号的，以供下次使用。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">由于</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">PostMessage</font><font SIZE="3">函数在消息队列中放入消息后会立即返回，所以如果不采取上述措施，那么辅助线程可能在主线程未处理之前重复发出</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">消息，这会降低系统的效率。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">可能有读者会问，为什么不用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">SendMessage</font><font SIZE="3">？该函数在发送的消息被处理完毕后才返回，这样不就不用考虑同步问题了吗？是的，本例中也可以使用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">SendMessage</font><font SIZE="3">，但该函数会阻塞辅助线程的执行直到消息处理完毕，这会降低效率。如果用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">PostMessage</font><font SIZE="3">，那么在函数立即返回后线程还可以干别的事情，因此，考虑到效率问题，这里使用了</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">PostMessage</font><font SIZE="3">而不是</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">SendMessage</font><font SIZE="3">。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">函数</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ReadComm</font><font SIZE="3">和</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WriteComm</font><font SIZE="3">分别用来从</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_hCom</font><font SIZE="3">通信设备中读</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">/</font><font SIZE="3">写指定数量的字符。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ReadComm</font><font SIZE="3">函数很简单，由于对读超时的特殊设定，</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">ReadFile</font><font SIZE="3">函数会立即返回并完成操作，并在</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">length</font><font SIZE="3">变量中报告实际读入的字符数。此时，没有必要调用等待函数或</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">GetOverlappedResult</font><font SIZE="3">。在</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WriteComm</font><font SIZE="3">中，调用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">GerOverlappedResult</font><font SIZE="3">来等待操作结果，直到超时发生。不管是否超时，该函数在结束等待后都会报告实际的传输字符数。</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CloseConnection</font><font SIZE="3">函数的主要任务是终止辅助线程并关闭</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">m_hCom</font><font SIZE="3">通信设备。为了终止线程，该函数设置了一系列信号，以结束辅助线程中的等待和循环，然后调用</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WaitForSingleObject</font><font SIZE="3">等待线程结束。</font><b><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">清单</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">12.7 CTerminalView</font><font SIZE="3">类的部分代码</font></b><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">// TerminalView.h : interface of the CTerminalView class</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">class CTerminalView : public CEditView</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><b>. . .</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">afx_msg LRESULT OnCommNotify(WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);</b></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">};</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">// TerminalView.cpp : implementation of the CTerminalView class</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">//</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CTerminalView, CEditView)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><b>. . .</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ON_MESSAGE(WM_COMMNOTIFY, OnCommNotify)</b></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">END_MESSAGE_MAP()</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"></font><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p></font><b><font SIZE="3">　</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">LRESULT CTerminalView::OnCommNotify(WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">char buf[MAXBLOCK/4];</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CString str;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">int nLength, nTextLength;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CTerminalDoc* pDoc=GetDocument();</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">CEdit&amp; edit=GetEditCtrl();</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(!pDoc-&gt;m_bConnected || </p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(wParam &amp; EV_RXCHAR)!=EV_RXCHAR) // </font><font SIZE="3">是否是</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">EV_RXCHAR</font><font SIZE="3">事件</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">?</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">SetEvent(pDoc-&gt;m_hPostMsgEvent); // </font><font SIZE="3">允许发送下一个</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3">WM_COMMNOTIFY</font><font SIZE="3">消息</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">return 0L;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">}</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">nLength=pDoc-&gt;ReadComm(buf,100);</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(nLength)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">nTextLength=edit.GetWindowTextLength();</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">edit.SetSel(nTextLength,nTextLength); //</font><font SIZE="3">移动插入光标到正文末尾</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">for(int i=0;i&lt;nLength;i++)</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">switch(buf[i])</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">{</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">case '\r': // </font><font SIZE="3">回车</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">if(!pDoc-&gt;m_bNewLine) </p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">break;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">case '\n': // </font><font SIZE="3">换行</font><font FACE="Times New Roman" SIZE="3"></p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">str+=&quot;\r\n&quot;;</p>
    <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">brea