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<div style='text-align:right;position:absolute;top:92.0%;left:72.65%;
width:18.91%;height:3.0%'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:58%;mso-field-code:meta16'>140</span><span
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<div style='position:absolute;top:3.75%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:6.25%'><span
style='font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family:黑体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体;
font-size:133%'>9.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>元语言 </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:10.75%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:4.75%'><span
style='font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family:黑体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>9.1.1<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>基本概念 </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:15.5%;left:5.05%;width:113.29%;height:5.25%'>形式化推理过程<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
</span>把表达式<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>, </span>子表达式和表达式集作为论域中对象<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>, </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:20.75%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>以便刻画这些对象在推理过程的性质<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(</span>自省<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>). </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:26.25%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>例<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>一阶逻辑 </div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:31.5%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>对象语言<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>一阶语言 </div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:36.75%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>元语言<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>自然语言<span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(</span>包括特殊符号<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>) </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:42.5%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:4.75%'> </div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:47.5%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>对象语言<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>逻辑系统语言 </div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:52.75%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>元语言<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>描述逻辑系统推理过程的形式语言<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>. </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:58.25%;left:5.05%;width:97.0%;height:5.25%'>元元语言<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
</span>描述元语言<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>(</span>及元推理<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>)</span>的形式语言<span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>依次类推<span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>. </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:64.0%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:4.75%'><b>一阶语言作为元语言</b> </div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:68.75%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>把对象和操作符作为基本<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(</span>元语言<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>)</span>对象<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.
</span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:74.0%;left:5.05%;width:96.06%;height:5.25%'>复杂表达式作为子表达式的序列<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>. </span></div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:79.0%;left:5.05%;width:115.16%;height:5.75%'>例<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-char-type:symbol'><i>Ø</i></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><i> P(A+B, C) </i></span>作为包含<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span><span style='font-family:Symbol;mso-char-type:symbol'><i>Ø</i></span><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><i><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></i></span>和<span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'><i>P(A+B, C) </i></span>的序列<span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>; </span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'><i>P(A+B, C) </i></span>作为 </div>
<div style='position:absolute;top:84.75%;left:5.05%;width:98.12%;height:5.25%'>包含<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'><i>P </i></span>和<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'><i>A+B,<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>C </i></span>的序列<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>;
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'><i>A+B </i></span>作为包含<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><i>+ </i></span>和<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'><i>A, B </i></span>序列<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.
</span></div>
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