howto_kyst.txt

《多元数据分析》是我正在看的一本书

  PC VERSION OF KYST2-A AT RUTGERS BUSINESS SCHOOL

     When Doug Carroll and I were teaching a course in
1993 on MDS at what was then locally known as "GSM"
(Rutgers Graduate School of Management, now renamed the
"Rutgers Business School of Newark and New Brunswick"
and still headquartered at the Newark campus), it
became apparent that our students needed IBM PC-
compatible versions of some of the classic Bell Labs
MDS programs, originally written for certain
mainframes.

     Using the Microsoft MS-DOS FORTRAN (v. 5.1 of
1991) compiler, I minimally modified KYST-2A (Kruskal,
Young, & Seery, 1977), but eliminated the "DATAFILE"
option in the original.  Only this memorandum has been
updated; the .exe file remains as in 1993.  The full-
length 72 pages of paper documentation (Kruskal, Young,
& Seery, 1977) for the original program can be obtained
at the following site:

http://www.duxbury.com/  (Select "Book Companions")

That documentation is not easy to scan optically and
include here as a file because column alignment in
sample input listings gets lost.  On a related topic,
the user of KYST3 should note that when it and its
precursors were written during the 1960's and 1970's,
the input FORMAT options in FORTRAN were much less
flexible and forgiving than those today.  If you are
not willing to study the older formats from a reference
manual, then you should probably consider using one of
the alternative programs mentioned below.  I have seen
too many would-be users of KYST3 fail simply because
they did not understand these formats, or how their
PC's text processors were arbitrarily breaking rows of
input data matrices, etc.

     This program will not run under releases of the
Windows 2000 operating system or subsequent versions of
that Microsoft operating system.  The .exe file was
created under a DOS-based compiler and assumes that the
user's PC has a math co-processor (not automatically
included in PC's until the Intel 586 chip became
available; you will need to check to see that your PC
has the co-processor).

     This CD-ROM contains KYST3.EXE.  Either copy it to
the hard disk and then type

KYST3

or run it (more slowly) from the CD-ROM by typing, for
example,

e: KYST3

or using an appropriate device letter for your CD-ROM
reader, specific to your PC.

     The program will prompt you for the filenames 
(paths are optionally allowed but should be VERY brief)
of all input and output files.  Note that all input
files must be ascii (.txt format), with no left margin. 
These should be prepared using a text editor and saved
in ascii format.  KYST3 has no internal editor to
prompt you for input data.  The CD-ROM has a sample
input file, called ekmandat and the corresponding
output file ekmanout.

     The output file will also be an ascii file, with
the usual FORTRAN carriage control conventions.  When
you read the output file with an editor, remember to:
(a) declare that the file is to be read as an ascii
file, (b) set the horizontal margins to be as narrow as
possible, and (c) take care of carriage control.  

     Finally, it is to your advantage to print the
output file in "landscape" format and to use a small
font size if one is available to you.

     Many of the options in this program have default
values that are not typical for most uses.  For
example, the first time you enter analyze a data
matrix, you should always specify 

PRINT DISTANCES

Also, most of the data sets you would consider
analyzing would require the non-default options of

LOWERHALFMATRIX DIAGONAL ABSENT

You should always include the following options:

ITERATIONS=200 STRMIN=0.0 CARDS SRATST=1.00

     This version of KYST2-A does not support the
option 

DATAFILE

nor is any diagnostic given for the miscreant user.  

     You will be asked for a file name for the machine-
readable output (obtained from specifying the option
"CARDS") regardless of whether you have asked for such
output.  In general, you should always ask for it
anyway.

     We also wish to endorse some alternative software
for MDS.  The recently implemented version of SMACOF,
now available as PROXSCAL in the CATEGORIES module for
SPSS, includes a three-way nonmetric option (fitting
the INDSCAL weighted Euclidean model to ordinal -- or
nonmetric -- data) as well as two-way nonmetric MDS,
with various options for missing data, unfolding
analysis, etc.  Well-written software for fitting both
two- and three-way MDS models is included in SYSTAT,
originally founded by Leland Wilkinson (SYSTAT, 2002).

     Freeware and extensive documentation for certain
forms of two-way MDS is given on the website noted in
Hubert, Arabie, and Meulman (2001, p. 118).  For state-
of-the-art software with superlative graphic
capabilities for two-way MDS, see Buja and Swayne
(2002, p. 41).

                                        Phipps Arabie
                                        October 2002


                     References

Buja, A., & Swayne, D. F. (2002) Visualization
methodology for multidimensional scaling. Journal of
Classification, 19, 7-43.

Hubert, L. J., Arabie, P., & Meulman, J. (2001).
Combinatorial data analysis: Optimization by dynamic
programming. Monograph Series of the Society of
Industrial and Applied Mathematics [SIAM],
Philadelphia.

Kruskal, J. B. (1964a). Multidimensional scaling by
optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis.
Psychometrika, 29, 1-27. 

Kruskal, J. B. (1964b). Nonmetric multidimensional
scaling: A numerical method. Psychometrika, 29,
115-129. 

Kruskal, J. B., Young, F. W., & Seery, J. B. (1977).
How to use KYST2, a very flexible program to do
multidimensional scaling and unfolding. Murray Hill,
NJ: AT & T Bell Laboratories.