install.txt

操作系统设计与实现源码

   
   
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   NAME
        usage - installing and using MINIX
   
   DESCRIPTION
        This manual page describes the installation and use of MINIX
        from  a System Administrators point of view.  It contains an
        installation guide, instructions on how to  do  the  initial
        configuration  and  some other info.  Please read this docu-
        ment entirely before attempting to install MINIX.  The  ins-
        tallation  steps  are  in  the proper order, but not all the
        information you may need is presented at the  right  moment.
        Other  detailed  information that may be useful can be found
        in boot(8) and hier(7).
   
     1. REQUIREMENTS
        The minimum system MINIX can be installed on comfortably  is
        an  IBM PC/AT or PS/2 with a 286 processor, 640 KB memory, a
        720 kb diskette drive, and 25-30 MB free  space  on  an  AT,
        ESDI, or SCSI hard disk (the latter controlled by an Adaptec
        1540.)  MINIX for the  386  (MINIX-386  for  short)  can  be
        installed on a machine with at least a 386sx processor, 3 MB
        memory and at least 25-30 MB of disk space.
   
     2. MINIX INSTALLATION BACKGROUND
        The objective of the installation is to create  a  partition
        on  your  disk  and  to  put  MINIX  into  it.  MINIX really
        requires two partitions however,  so  the  single  "primary"
        partition  is split into two subpartitions.  The a subparti-
        tion will contain the root file system, and the c  subparti-
        tion  will  contain the /usr file system.  What MS-DOS calls
        "drives", i.e C:, D:, E:, MINIX calls "file systems".  MINIX
        does  not use drive letters, but requires that one file sys-
        tem is made a part of another file system by "mounting"  one
        on  the other.  The "root" file system is always present and
        starts with the directory "/", the  root  of  the  directory
        tree.  The root file system contains a few programs in /bin,
        device files in /dev, and configuration files in /etc.  This
        is  just  enough to get the system started.  MINIX will soon
        extend its directory tree by mounting a file system  on  the
        /usr  directory.   What is henceforth known as the /usr file
        system contains all MINIX programs in /usr/bin, file  system
        sources  in /usr/src, etc, etc.  The ROOT image contains the
        complete MINIX root file system, but  USR  contains  just  a
        small subset of the /usr file system, with just enough util-
        ities to install MINIX.  The complete /usr  file  system  is
        split up into the USR.TAZ, SYS.TAZ and CMD.TAZ archives that
        are installed later to fill /usr.
   
        Let's suppose your first hard disk, which  has  device  name
        /dev/hd0,  has  MS-DOS  already present in the first primary
        partition (/dev/hd1), and some free space left  after  that.
        After  MINIX  is  installed in that free space the disk will
   
   
   
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        look like this:
   
            /dev/hd0    Whole hard disk #0
              /dev/hd1    MS-DOS C: drive
              /dev/hd2    MINIX primary partition
                /dev/hd2a   MINIX root partition
                /dev/hd2c   MINIX /usr partition
   
        /dev/hd0 is the sum  of  a  partition  table,  /dev/hd1  and
        /dev/hd2.   Likewise  is  /dev/hd2 the sum of a subpartition
        table, /dev/hd2a and /dev/hd2c.  Read the "DEVICES" sections
        for more information on MINIX devices.
   
     3. INSTALLATION
        If you have not already copied MINIX to floppy disks, please
        read  the  README.TXT  file  in the MINIX directory now.  It
        tells how to do this.  You should also print out EXAMPLE.TXT
        and  read it in parallel with this document.  This one tells
        you what to do; that one shows you what the screen  is  sup-
        posed  to  look  like at each step, so you can see if every-
        thing is OK.
   
        You can install MINIX automatically or manually as described
        the  sections below.  The end result is the same, but manual
        installation allows one to deviate  from  the  preconfigured
        choices.   You may wish to read the manual pages of the pro-
        grams used below before you start.  You may especially  want
        to  read  boot(8) if your machine is different from what the
        majority buys, because you may need to set a few boot param-
        eters  to  configure drivers.  To do this type ESC to get to
        the Boot Monitor prompt, set the appropriate variables,  use
        save  to  store  the settings and menu to continue where you
        left off.
   
        To install the system you need  two  diskettes:  a  bootable
        root  diskette  and  a  diskette  full of binaries to use as
        /usr.  These diskettes are named ROOT and  USR.   These  two
        diskettes  may  also  be  combined  on a single high density
        diskette.  In that case the USR part is on the c partition.
   
        Insert the ROOT diskette, boot the machine and type  '='  to
        the menu.  The MINIX kernel is loaded and takes control when
        you see  the  copyright  banner.   After  loading  the  root
        diskette  into  the RAM disk you will be asked to finish the
        name of the device to  mount  on  /usr.   Type  fd0c  for  a
        diskette  that contains both ROOT and USR, otherwise replace
        ROOT by USR and type fd0.  Login as root.
   
     4. AUTOMATIC INSTALLATION
        Before starting the installation, you  must  either  have  a
        free  partition  available  or have at least 25-30 MB not in
        any  partition  so  you  can  create  a   MINIX   partition.
   
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        Splitting an MS-DOS partition can be done using fips, and is
        discussed in the main README.TXT file.
   
        Type setup to  start  the  installation  script.   First  it
        offers to install a national keyboard map.  The names should
        be clear, except for us-swap, which swaps the CTRL and  CAPS
        LOCK  keys  of  a  standard US style keyboard for people who
        believe that the natural place of CTRL is next  to  A.   The
        default  suggested  between  [ and ] is the US standard key-
        board.
   
        The next thing to do is to make a partition,  for  this  you
        are  placed  in  a  partition table editor named part.  This
        partition table editor is very easy to use (in the  author's
        opinion),  but  you will probably hate it.  You can move all
        over the place with the arrow keys, change values, and  make
        a  mess  of  your partition table real quick.  So if you get
        into trouble, type 'q' to quit, 'n' to not write the  table,
        and RETURN to start over.  Use the '?' key to get help.
   
        With the '+' and '-' keys you can select the disk device  to
        install  on,  probably  /dev/hd0, the first hard disk.  Type
        'r' to load  the  partition  table  of  the  selected  disk.
        Either  create  one  new  partition by modifying a partition
        marked "None", or reuse an existing  partition  by  changing
        its  type to "MINIX" (hex code 81).  The FIPS program can be
        used under MS-DOS  to  shrink  an  MS-DOS  partition.   FIPS
        splits the MS-DOS partition in two, so one of the two can be
        used for MINIX.  You have to be absolutely sure  which  one.
        When  in  doubt, first use the FDISK program under MS-DOS to
        delete the extra partition, and let MINIX part create a  new
        one.   DO  NOT  use  part  to  shrink an existing partition!
        MINIX needs a partition of at least 25-30 MB, but not larger
        than  128  MB  (MINIX-86)  or  1 GB (MINIX-386).  The system
        needs 30 MB in compiled state.
   
        The script then wants to know  the  name  of  the  partition
        you've  created,  this name is probably still visible on the
        screen (hd2, hd6, something like that.)  The  new  partition
        table  is  reloaded  into the disk driver, and the new MINIX
        partition is carved up into two  subpartitions,  a  1440  kb
        root and the rest for /usr.
   
        After making /usr, it is immediately put to use  to  replace
        the installation /usr file system so that you can remove the
        USR diskette and insert the ROOT diskette (unless  they  are
        one  and the same).  The root file system is filled with the
        contents of the ROOT diskette and  slightly  patched  up  to
        work on the hard disk (/etc/fstab.)
   
        To compute the size of the  so-called  "second  level  block
        cache"  you  are  asked  to  specify  the  RAM  size of your
   
   
   
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        machine.  If you have plenty, i.e 4 MB or more  then  simply
        hit  RETURN,  otherwise enter the size of your system RAM in
        kilobytes.
   
        You can now skip the next section and move to "TESTING", but
        it may be instructive to read it anyway.
   
     5. MANUAL INSTALLATION
        The instructions that follow are at a  very  low  level  and
        require  you  to be very careful.  The big advantage is that
        you know precisely what tools have been used and how  every-
        thing works.  The disadvantage is that you may easily make a
        mistake that either forces you to  start  over  if  you  are
        lucky,  or  wipes  out the contents of your hard disk if you
        are not.  Only if you really want to do something  different
        should  you  use a manual installation.  Slavishly following
        the steps shown below will only make you  end  up  with  the
        same result as an automatic installation.
   
        Run part to make partitions to load the  system  into.   The
        best  thing  to do is to make one large primary partition of
        type "MINIX" and to carve this partition up into three  sub-
        partitions  for  root  and /usr.  The assumption is that you
        will use the  second  partition  on  the  first  hard  disk,
        /dev/hd2, and that hd2a is the root subpartition and hd2c is
        /usr.  If you want to use the first partition on the  second
        hard  disk for instance, then substitute hd6 and hd6[ac] for
        the above.  On a SCSI disk  it  will  be  /dev/sd2  for  the
        second  partition  on the disk at target 0.  See the section
        on devices below, and the manual pages  of  part(8),  hd(4),
        and sd(4).  Start part and select the whole hard disk device
        (the "multiple of 5" device) that you want to install  MINIX
        onto.  In our example it will be /dev/hd0.
   
        Use part to make a single partition in the primary partition
        table of type "MINIX", then hit '>' on this new partition to
        make a subpartition table.
   
        For the root subpartition you are advised  to  use  1440  kb
        exactly.   You  can make it larger if you want to, but it is
        advisable never to let the contents outgrow a floppy.   (The
        ROOT  diskette  is a copy of a root file system, and will be
        used to fill your root subpartition.)
   
        The second subpartition is either empty or a "scratch"  par-
        tition.   MINIX  no  longer uses the b subpartition for any-
        thing useful anymore, but it has become  customary  to  have
        root  on a and /usr on c.  (You are free to ignore this con-
        vention, of course.)
   
        Use the rest of the partition for the /usr c subpartition.
   
   
   
   
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        When you are done check that  /dev/hd2a  is  active  (the  *
        after the partition number) so you can boot from it later.
   
        If your disk has bad blocks  then  don't  put  the  root  or
        scratch  subpartition  on  top of them.  Make sure the inode
        tables in the other partitions don't have bad blocks either.
        You  can  put  the subpartitions out of order on the disk if
        that helps.  Subpartition tables, other than the main parti-
        tion table, are not sorted by the driver.
   
        After making the partitions you do not have to reboot.   The
        disk  driver reloads the partition tables on the next access
        if the disk is not in use.  (Open or mounted.)
   
        To be able to boot from /dev/hd2a you must  place  a  master
        bootstrap  in /dev/hd2.  It has been placed there by part if
        it told you that it was creating a new partition table, but
   
             installboot -m /dev/hd2 /usr/mdec/masterboot
   
        will put it there for sure.
   
        You will start by making a file system for /usr and  filling
        it  partially.   This  may  seem to be out of order, but you
        can't insert the ROOT floppy right now.
   
             mkfs /dev/hd2c
             readall -b /dev/hd2c | sh
             mount /dev/hd2c /mnt
             cpdir -v /usr /mnt
   
        This will create a file system on  /dev/hd2c,  mount  it  on
        /mnt,  and copy the contents of the USR floppy onto it.  The