usage.8

操作系统设计与实现源码

.TH USAGE 8
.SH NAME
usage \- installing and using Minix
.SH DESCRIPTION
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This manual page describes the installation and use of Minix from a
System Administrators point of view.  It contains an installation guide,
instructions on how to do the initial configuration and some other info.
Please read this document entirely before attempting to install Minix.
The installation steps are in the proper order, but not all the
information you may need is presented at the right moment.
Other detailed information that may be useful can be found in
.BR boot (8)
and
.BR hier (7).
.SS "1. REQUIREMENTS"
The minimum system Minix can be installed on comfortably is an IBM PC/AT
or PS/2 with a 286 processor, 2 Mb memory, a 720 kb diskette drive, and 30
Mb free space on an AT,
.ig
PS/2,
..
ESDI, or SCSI hard disk (the latter controlled by an Adaptec 1540.)  Minix
for the 386 (Minix-386 for short) can be installed on a machine with at
least a 386sx processor and 3 Mb memory.
.SS "2. MINIX INSTALLATION BACKGROUND"
The objective of the installation is to create a partition on your disk
and to put Minix into it.  Minix really requires two partitions however, so
the single "primary" partition is split into two subpartitions.  The
.B a
subpartition will contain the root file system, and the
.B c
subpartition will contain the
.B /usr
file system.  What MS-DOS calls
"drives", i.e C:, D:, E:, Minix calls "file systems".  Minix does not use
drive letters, but requires that one file system is made a part of another
file system by "mounting" one on the other.  The "root" file system is
always present and starts with the directory "/", the root of the directory
tree.  The root file system contains a few programs in
.BR /bin ,
device files in
.BR /dev ,
and configuration files in
.BR /etc .
This is just enough to get the system started.  Minix will soon extend
its directory tree by mounting a file system on the
.B /usr
directory.  What is henceforth known as the /usr file system contains all
Minix programs in
.BR /usr/bin ,
file system sources in
.BR /usr/src ,
etc, etc.
The \s-2ROOT\s+2 image contains the complete Minix root file system, but
\s-2USR\s+2 contains just a small subset of the /usr file system, with just
enough utilities to install Minix.  The complete /usr file system is
split up into the \s-2USR.TAZ\s+2, \s-2SYS.TAZ\s+2 and \s-2CMD.TAZ\s+2
archives that are installed later to fill /usr.
.PP
Let's suppose your first hard disk, which has
device name
.BR /dev/hd0 ,
has MS-DOS already present in the first primary partition
.RB ( /dev/hd1 ),
and some free space left after that.  After Minix is installed in that
free space the disk will look like this:
.PP
.ta +12n
.nf
.in +4n
/dev/hd0	Whole hard disk #0
.in +2n
/dev/hd1	MS-DOS C: drive
/dev/hd2	Minix primary partition
.in +2n
/dev/hd2a	Minix root partition
/dev/hd2c	Minix /usr partition
.in -8n
.fi
.PP
/dev/hd0 is the sum of a partition table, /dev/hd1 and /dev/hd2.
Likewise is /dev/hd2 the sum of a subpartition table, /dev/hd2a and
/dev/hd2c.  Read the "DEVICES" sections for more information on Minix
devices.
.SS "3. INSTALLATION"
You can install Minix automatically or manually as described the sections
below.  The end result is the same, but manual installation allows
one to deviate from the preconfigured choices.  You may wish to read the
manual pages of the programs used below before you start.  You may especially
want to read
.BR boot (8)
if your machine is different from what the majority buys, because you
may need to set a few boot parameters to configure drivers.  To do this type
.B ESC
to get to the Boot Monitor prompt, set the appropriate variables, use
.B save
to store the settings and
.B menu
to continue where you left off.
.PP
To install the system you need two diskettes: a bootable root diskette and a
diskette full of binaries to use as
.BR /usr .
These diskettes are named
.B \s-2ROOT\s+2
and
.BR \s-2USR\s+2 .
These two diskettes may also be combined on a single high density diskette.
In that case the \s-2USR\s+2 part is on the
.B c
partition.
.PP
Insert the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette, boot the machine and type '=' to the menu.
The Minix kernel is loaded and takes control when you see the copyright
banner.  After loading the root diskette into the RAM disk you will be asked
to finish the name of the device to mount on
.BR /usr .
Type
.BR fd0c
for a diskette that contains both \s-2ROOT\s+2 and \s-2USR\s+2, otherwise
replace \s-2ROOT\s+2 by \s-2USR\s+2 and type
.BR fd0 .
Login as
.BR root .
.SS "4. AUTOMATIC INSTALLATION"
Type
.B setup
to start the installation script.  First it offers to install a national
keyboard map.  The names should be clear, except for
.BR us-swap ,
which swaps the CTRL and CAPS LOCK keys of a standard US style keyboard
for people who believe that the natural place of CTRL is next to A.
The default suggested between [ and ] is the US standard keyboard.
.PP
The next thing to do is to make a partition, for this you are placed in a
partition table editor named
.BR part .
This partition table editor is very easy to use (in the author's opinion),
but you will probably hate it.  You can move all over the place with the
arrow keys, change values, and make a mess of your partition table real quick.
So if you get into trouble, type 'q' to quit, 'n' to not write the table,
and RETURN to start over.  Use the '?' key to get help.
.PP
With the '+' and '\-' keys you can select the disk device to install on,
probably
.BR /dev/hd0 ,
the first hard disk.  Type 'r' to load the partition table of the selected
disk.  Either create one new partition by modifying a partition marked
"None", or reuse an existing partition by changing its type to "MINIX" (hex
code 81).  The FIPS program can be used under MS-DOS to shrink an MS-DOS
partition.  FIPS splits the DOS partition in two, so one of the two can be
used for Minix.  You have to be absolutely sure which one.  When in doubt,
first use the FDISK program under DOS to delete the extra partition, and
let Minix part create a new one.  DO NOT use part to shrink an existing
partition!  Minix needs a partition of at least 20 Mb, but not larger
than 128 Mb (Minix-86) or 1 Gb (Minix-386).  The system needs
30 Mb in compiled state.
.PP
The script then wants to know the name of the partition you've created, this
name is probably still visible on the screen (hd2, hd6, something like
that.)  The new partition table is reloaded into the disk driver, and the
new Minix partition is carved up into two subpartitions, a 1440 kb root and
the rest for /usr.
.PP
After making /usr, it is immediately put to use to replace the installation
/usr file system so that you can remove the \s-2USR\s+2 diskette and insert
the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette (unless they are one and the same).  The root file
system is filled with the contents of the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette and slightly
patched up to work on the hard disk (/etc/fstab.)
.PP
To compute the size of the so-called "second level block cache" you are
asked to specify the RAM size of your machine.  If you have plenty, i.e
4 Mb or more then simply hit RETURN, otherwise enter the size of your system
RAM in kilobytes.
.PP
You can now skip the next section and move to "TESTING", but it may be
instructive to read it anyway.
.SS "5. MANUAL INSTALLATION"
The instructions that follow are at a very low level and require you to be
very careful.  The big advantage is that you know precisely what
tools have been used and how everything works.  The disadvantage is that
you may easily make a mistake that either forces you to start over if you
are lucky, or wipes out the contents of your hard disk if you are not.
Only if you really want to do something different should you use a manual
installation.  Slavishly following the steps shown below will only make
you end up with the same result as an automatic installation.
.PP
Run
.B part
to make partitions to load the system into.  The best thing to do is to make
one large primary partition of type "MINIX" and to carve this partition up
into three subpartitions for root and /usr.  The assumption is that you will
use the second partition on the first hard disk,
.BR /dev/hd2 ,
and that
.B hd2a
is the root subpartition and
.B hd2c
is /usr.  If you want to use the first partition on
the second hard disk for instance, then substitute hd6 and hd6[ac] for the
above.  On a \s-2SCSI\s+2 disk it will be /dev/sd2 for the second partition
on the disk at target 0.  See the section on devices below, and the manual
pages of
.BR part (8),
.BR hd (4),
and
.BR sd (4).
Start
.B part
and select the whole hard disk device (the "multiple of 5" device) that you
want to install Minix onto.  In our example it will be
.BR /dev/hd0 .
.PP
Use
.B part
to make a single partition in the primary partition table of type "MINIX",
then hit '>' on this new partition to make a subpartition table.
.PP
For the root subpartition you are advised to use 1440 kb exactly.  You can
make it larger if you want to, but it is advisable never to let the contents
outgrow a floppy.  (The \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette is a copy of a root file
system, and will be used to fill your root subpartition.)
.PP
The second subpartition is either empty or a "scratch" partition.  Minix no
longer uses the
.B b
subpartition for anything useful anymore, but it has become customary to
have root on
.B a
and /usr on
.BR c .
(You are free to ignore this convention, of course.)
.PP
Use the rest of the partition for the /usr
.B c
subpartition.
.PP
When you are done check that /dev/hd2a is active (the * after the partition
number) so you can boot from it later.
.PP
If your disk has bad blocks then don't put the root or scratch subpartition
on top of them.  Make sure the inode tables in the other partitions don't
have bad blocks either.  You can put the subpartitions out of order on the
disk if that helps.  Subpartition tables, other than the main partition
table, are not sorted by the driver.
.PP
After making the partitions you do not have to reboot.  The disk driver
reloads the partition tables on the next access if the disk is not in use.
(Open or mounted.)
.PP
To be able to boot from /dev/hd2a you must place a master bootstrap in
/dev/hd2.  It has been placed there by
.B part
if it told you that it was creating a new partition table, but
.PP
.XB "installboot\0\-m\0/dev/hd2\0/usr/mdec/masterboot"
.RE
.PP
will put it there for sure.
.PP
You will start by making a file system for /usr and filling it partially.
This may seem to be out of order, but you can't insert the \s-2ROOT\s+2
floppy right now.
.PP
.XB "mkfs\0/dev/hd2c"
.XB "readall\0\-b\0/dev/hd2c | sh"
.XB "mount\0/dev/hd2c\0/mnt"
.XB "cpdir\0\-v\0/usr\0/mnt"
.PP
This will create a file system on /dev/hd2c, mount it on /mnt, and copy the
contents of the \s-2USR\s+2 floppy onto it.  The call to
.B readall
marks bad blocks on the file system as unusable, you can omit this on a
drive known to be spotless (\s-2IDE\s+2 or \s-2SCSI\s+2.)
.PP
You can now use the new /usr in place of the \s-2USR\s+2 floppy:
.PP
.XB "umount\0/dev/hd2c"
.XB "umount\0/dev/fd0\0\0\0\0\0# fd0c if combined"
.XB "mount\0/dev/hd2c\0/usr"
.PP
This little dance has freed up your floppy drive, so please remove the
\s-2USR\s+2 diskette and replace it by the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette.  Make a
file system for the root with at least 512 inodes (files), and
fill it from the floppy:
.PP
.XB "mkfs\0\-i\0512\0/dev/hd2a"