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<DIV align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US><B><FONT
size=5>嵌入式系统及如何开发自己的嵌入式系统</FONT></B></SPAN></DIV></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US>--由JoelR.Williams提供</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>多数Linux系统是在PC平台上运行,然而Linux作为嵌入式系统也是非常稳定的。本文描绘了一个嵌入式系统的概览,并展示嵌入式系统产品是如何使用Linux的。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-LINE: 15.6pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN><B>嵌入式系统——比摩西还老的故事</B></SPAN></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>电脑用于控制设备或嵌入系统的历史几乎电脑自身的历史一样长。在通讯领域,六十年代晚期,电脑被用于电子电话交换机,称为“存储程序控制”系统。“电脑”这词那时并不普遍,存储程序指内存装有程序和例程信息。存储控制逻辑,而不是将其固化在硬件中,在当时确实是突破性的。今天,我们认为它本来就应如此。</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>那时的电脑是为每一个应用而定制的,按今天的标准,它们是一些不正常的、由奇怪的特殊指令和I/O设备集成在一部电脑中。</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>微处理器通过提供构建大系统模块的小型、低成本、CPU引擎改变了这一切。它提出了外设通过总线联接的固定硬件架构及称为编程的一般编程模型。</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>软件也随着硬件提出。最初,编写和测试软件只有简单的编程开发工具。每个项目实际运行的软件通常来自于草稿的修改。编程常用汇编语言或宏语言,因为编译器常常有缺陷和缺乏完善的调试工具。软件构建模块和标准化库只是到了七十年代才流行起来的概念。</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>嵌入式系统的商品化操作系统在1970年代后期才出现,许多是用汇编语言写成的,并且只能于特定的微处理器,当微处理器被淘汰时,它的操作系统除非为新处理器重写,否则也要被淘汰。今天,许多这类早期的系统成了些模糊的记忆;还有谁记得MTOS吗?当C语言出现时,操作系统编写的效率、稳定性、可移植性都提高了很多。这一点在管理上立刻表现出来,它为微处理器被淘汰时保护软件投资带来了希望。对于市场来说这是一个好消息。用C语言写成的操作系统今天越来越普遍。一般来说,可重复使用的软件已经占主导并越做越好。</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>在八十年代早期,我最喜欢的操作系统是Wendon操作系统,大约150美元就可以得到一个C源码库。它是一个包,你可以通过选择部件建立自己的操作系统——类似在菜单上点菜。例如,你可以在库清单上点工作排程安排和内存管理方案。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-LINE: 15.6pt">
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>很多嵌入式系统的商品化操作系统是在八十年代出现的。这一热潮持续到现在,今天,有很多可行的商品化操作系统可供选择。一些大佬出现了,如VxWorks,
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>pSOS, Neculeus和Windows CE.</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
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</SPAN>许多嵌入式系统根本没有操作系统,只有循环控制。对于一些简单设备这是足够的,但是随着系统越来越复杂,操作系统就很必要了或软件变得不可思议的复杂。不幸的是,有些复杂得可怕的嵌入式系统只因为设计者坚持不要操作系统才那么复杂。</SPAN></P></DIV>
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