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<td width="90%"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"><b>注册 JDBC 驱动程序</b></font></td><td width="200" align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"><nobr> 第 2 页(共9 页)</nobr></font></td>
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<p>
在 Java 应用程序和数据库之间创建连接的过程的第一步是用“Java 虚拟机”(Java virtual machine(JVM))注册 JDBC 驱动程序,Java 应用程序就是在此 JVM 中运行的。在传统的连接机制(相对于后面中讨论的 <code>DataSource</code> 连接机制)中,连接和所有数据库通讯是由 <code>DriverManager</code> 对象控制的。要建立一个连接,必须用 <code>DriverManager</code> 对象注册针对目标数据库的适当的 JDBC 驱动程序。
</p>
<p>
JDBC 规范(更多细节请参阅 <i>JDBC API 教程和参考</i><a href="j-jdbc-8-2.html">参考资料</a>),规定了 JDBC 驱动程序在装入 JVM 时应该自动用 <code>DriverManager</code> 对象注册自身。例如,下面的代码段使用一个静态的初始化程序来首先创建一个 <code>persistentjava</code> JDBC 驱动程序的实例,然后用 <code>DriverManager</code> 将其注册。</p>
<pre>
<code style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 12">
static {
java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new com.persistentjava.JdbcDriver()) ;
}
</code>
</pre>
<p>
注册驱动程序就是将驱动程序类装入 JVM 的工作,它可以用几种不同的方法完成。一种方法就是使用类调用器(ClassLoader)<code>Class.forName(com.persistentjava.JdbcDriver);</code>。另一种方法不太常见,是使用 <code>jdbc.drivers</code> 系统属性。这种方法可以有三种不同的方式:</p>
<ul>
<li>从命令行:
<br>
<code>java -Djdb.drivers=com.persistentjava.JdbcDriver Connect</code>
<br>
<br>
</li>
<li>在 java 应用程序中:<br>
<code>System.setProperty("jdbc.drivers", "com.persistentjava.JdbcDriver") ;</code>
<br>
<br>
</li>
<li>通过在系统属性文件中设置 <code>jdbc.drivers</code> 属性,这通常和系统有关。</li>
</ul>
<p>通过用冒号隔离驱动程序,多个驱动程序可以使用上面提到的系统属性方法注册。使用系统属性方法的一个好处是驱动程序很容易在 JVM 中调入和调出,而不用修改任何代码(或至少是修改最少的代码)。如果注册了多个驱动程序,它们的优先顺序是:1)JVM 初始化时通过 <code>jdbc.drivers</code> 属性注册的 JDBC 驱动程序,2)动态装入的 JDBC 驱动程序。因为 <code>jdbc.drivers</code> 属性只在 <code>DriverManager()</code> 方法的第一次调用时检查一次,确保所有驱动程序在建立数据库连接之前被正确注册是很重要的。
</p>
<p>
然而,不是所有的 JVM 都平等创建,一些 JVM 并不符合 JVM 规范。结果是,静态初始化程序并不如预期的那样运行。这导致了注册 JDBC 驱动程序的多种方法,包括:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>Class.forName("com.persistentjava.JdbcDriver").newInstance() ; </code>
</li>
<li>
<code>DriverManager.registerDriver(new com.persistentjava.JdbcDriver()) ; </code>
</li>
</ul>
<p>这些替代方案应该在所有 JVM 中都运行良好,所以您应该放心地在众多可能出现的 JVM 中使用它们工作。最后一个问题是 <code>Class.forname()</code> 可能抛出一个 <code>ClassNotFoundException</code>,所以您需要在合适的异常处理程序中包装注册代码。
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