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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121102/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.1</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">The teaching topology</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121103/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.2</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">LAN devices in a topology</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121104/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.3</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">NICs</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121105/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.4</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Media</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121106/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.5</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Repeaters</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121107/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.6</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Hubs</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121108/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.7</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Bridges</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121109/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.8</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Switches</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121110/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.9</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Routers</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121111/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.10</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Clouds</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47534/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121112/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.1.11</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Network segments</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" align="left" valign="top" width="1%">3.2</td><td class="rlolevel" width="119%">Evolution of Network Devices<br>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47535/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121113/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.2.1</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Evolution of network devices</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47535/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121114/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.2.2</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Milestones in the history of networking</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47535/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121115/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.2.3</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Evolution of networking devices and the OSI layers</td>
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                                </td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" align="left" valign="top" width="1%">3.3</td><td class="rlolevel" width="119%">Basics of Data Flow Through LANs<br>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47536/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121116/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.3.1</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Encapsulation and packets review</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47536/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121117/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.3.2</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Packet flow through Layer 1 devices</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47536/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121118/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.3.3</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Packet flow through Layer 2 devices</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47536/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121119/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.3.4</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Packet flow through Layer 3 devices</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47536/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121120/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.3.5</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Packet flow through clouds and through Layer 1-7 devices</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47536/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121121/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.3.6</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">A data packet's path through all seven layers of a LAN</td>
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                                </td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" align="left" valign="top" width="1%">3.4</td><td class="rlolevel" width="119%">Building LANs<br>
                                    <table cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0">
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47537/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121124/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.4.1</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Readiness to build a small network</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47537/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121125/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">3.4.2</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Lab: Building a simple network</td>
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                                </td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" width="88%">
                        Chapter <a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47538/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO120899/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">Summary</a></td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" width="88%">
                        Chapter <a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47503/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47539/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO120898/knet/v214aCH47503/pageframesetrio.html">Quiz</a></td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                        <p class="chapHeading">Chapter 4: Layer 1 - Electronics and Signals</p>
                        <p class="chapOutline">Outline:</p>
                        <table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="0">
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                                <td class="rlolevel" colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" width="88%">
                        Chapter <a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47540/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121126/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">Review</a></td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" width="88%">
                        Chapter <a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47541/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121127/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">Overview</a></td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" align="left" valign="top" width="1%">4.1</td><td class="rlolevel" width="119%">Basics of Electricity<br>
                                    <table cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0">
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121147/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.1</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">A helium atom</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121148/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.2</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Creating stable atoms</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121149/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.3</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Static electricity</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121150/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.4</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Electrical current including insulators, conductors, and semiconductors</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121151/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.5</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Electrical measurement terms</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121152/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.6</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Analogy for voltage, resistance, and current</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121153/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.7</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Graphing AC and DC voltage</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121154/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.8</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Constructing a simple series electrical current</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47542/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121155/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.1.9</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Purpose of grounding networking equipment</td>
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                                </td><td width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
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                                <td class="rlolevel" align="left" valign="top" width="1%">4.2</td><td class="rlolevel" width="119%">Basics of Digital Multimeters<br>
                                    <table cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0">
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47543/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121142/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.2.1</a></td><td class="riolevel" width="89%">Safe handling and use of the multimeter</td>
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                                            <td class="riolevel" valign="top" width="11%"><a target="main_frame" href="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH47504/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO47543/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO121143/knet/v214aCH47504/pageframesetrio.html">4.2.2</a></td><td class="