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<html> <head> <meta content="en-us" http-equiv="Content-Language"> <meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/ccna.css"> <script src="../../../../../js/framesetHelper.js" language="JavaScript"></script><script language="JavaScript"> window.scrollTo(0,0); function newPage(pageID) { alert("COMMING SOON!!\nThis feature is currently in development."); } function launchMoreInfo(oid) { dash = oid.indexOf('-'); sub1 = oid.substring(0,dash); sub2 = oid.substring(dash+1); // this is an URL base on the // system that generated the static // download of the curriculum. httpref = "http://nomar.sdf.cisco.com/servlet/org.cli.delivery.rendering.servlet.MIServlet/Static=true,LMSID=DTUI,Engine=dynamic,Theme=cnamstheme,Style=ccna,Language=en,Version=2,RootID=knet-v214aCV47051/CHAPID=null/RLOID=null/RIOID=null/"; newref = httpref + sub1 +"/"+ sub2 +"/moreinfoframeset.html"; //alert("new newref :\n" + newref); window.open(newref,'MoreInfo','toolbar=no,status=yes,menubar=no,location=no,scrollbars=yes,height=442,width=756,left=20,top=20,resizable=yes') } function launchContentResource(contentID) { top.currentSupport = 0; 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eval('top.frames.main_frame.location.href="'+ContentRef+'referencecontroller_crf.html"'); chapter = "knet-v214aCH47504"; ch_dash = chapter.indexOf('-'); ch_sub1 = chapter.substring(0,ch_dash); ch_sub2 = chapter.substring(ch_dash+1); params = "CHAPID=" + chapter + "/RLOID=" + "knet-v214aRLO47545" + "/RIOID=" + "knet-v214aRIO121139"; returnRef = "../../../../../"+ params + "/"+ ch_sub1 +"/"+ ch_sub2 +"/pageframeset.html"; top.prevPage = returnRef; } function launchFile(filepath) { newWindow = window.open(filepath,"","top=70,left=120,width="+(screen.width*.50)+",height="+(screen.height*.50)+",resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,menubar=yes,status=yes"); /* if (is.ie && filepath.lastIndexOf(".pdf") != -1) { pageTimer = setInterval("winLoadCheck()", 1000); } */ } function winLoadCheck() { if (newWindow.document.readyState == 'complete') { clearInterval(pageTimer); newWindow.location.reload(); } } // BrowserCheck Object // provides most commonly needed browser checking variables // 19990326 // Copyright (C) 1999 Dan Steinman // Distributed under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License // Available at http://www.dansteinman.com/dynapi/ function BrowserCheck() { var b = navigator.appName if (b=="Netscape") this.b = "ns" else if (b=="Microsoft Internet Explorer") this.b = "ie" else this.b = b this.v = parseInt(navigator.appVersion) this.ns = (this.b=="ns" && this.v>=4) this.ns4 = (this.b=="ns" && this.v==4) this.ns5 = (this.b=="ns" && this.v==5) this.ie = (this.b=="ie" && this.v>=4) this.ie4 = (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('MSIE 4')>0) this.ie5 = (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('MSIE 5.0')>0) this.ie55 = (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('MSIE 5.5')>0) if (this.ie5) this.v = 5 this.min = (this.ns||this.ie) } // automatically create the "is" object is = new BrowserCheck()</script> </head> <body onLoad="window.focus();" alink="#000000" vlink="#000000" link="#000000" bgcolor="#E7E7E7" background="../../../../../images/ccna/common/bg.gif"> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"><tr> <td bgcolor="#000000"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td class="rlohdr"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td valign="top" class="rlohdr">4.3</td><td width="100%" class="rlohdr"> <table width="90%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"> <tr> <td class="rlohdr">Basics of Signals and Noise in Communications Systems</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#000000"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td class="riohdr"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td valign="top" class="riohdr">4.3.10</td><td width="100%" class="riohdr"> <table width="90%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"> <tr> <td class="riohdr">Messages in terms of bits</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <table width="90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr> <td class="smtext"> <p> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" border="0" xmlns:java="http://xml.apache.org/xslt/java"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img height="10" width="1" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"> <table bgcolor="#000000" bordercolor="#000000" cellspacing="0" bordercolorlight="#000000" width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <table bgcolor="#FFFFFF" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td valign="middle"><img height="22" width="22" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/inotes.gif"></td><td valign="middle"><span class="cstitle">Instructor Note</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><span class="cstext"> <p>This target indicator makes a crucial cognitive connection. Students must connect what happens to one bit to what happens to frames, packets, and ultimately the higher level messages of data communications.</p> </span></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><p>After a bit reaches a medium, it propagates. It may experience attenuation, reflection, noise, dispersion, or collision. A network needs to transmit far more than one bit. In fact, you want to transmit billions of bits in one second. All of the effects described thus far that can occur to one bit also apply to the various protocol data units (PDUs) of the OSI model. Eight bits equal one byte. Multiple bytes equal one frame. Frames contain packets. Packets carry the messages you wish to communicate. Networking professionals often talk about attenuated, reflected, noisy, dispersed, and collided frames and packets.</p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr></table> <p> </p> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" valign="bottom"> <tr> <td></td> </tr> </table> </body></html>
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