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                <td bgcolor="#000000"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td class="rlohdr"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td valign="top" class="rlohdr">0.3</td><td width="100%" class="rlohdr">
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                            <td class="rlohdr">Best Practices</td>
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                <td bgcolor="#000000"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td class="riohdr"><img height="1" width="2" border="0" src="../../../../../images/ccna/common/transdot.gif"></td><td valign="top" class="riohdr">0.3.3</td><td width="100%" class="riohdr">
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                            <td class="riohdr">Graphical organizers and representations</td>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage1/1.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b> Cluster Diagrams</b>
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Cluster diagrams have several uses. During brainstorming sessions, a prompt is put in the central cluster and then the ideas that result from brainstorming (i.e. wildest possible ideas, no censorship, as many ideas as possible, ideas built on those of others) are added as more bubbles. Similar ideas are clustered. This diagram is also used as a concept map, or a way of presenting material to students and as way of assessing their understanding of a concept.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage2/2.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Problem-Solving Matrices</b>
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Problem-solving matrices are a standard part of design documentation. In their simplest form, a variety of design options (for example, network media, network architecture, or protocol) are listed vertically, while the specifications against which the choices will be rated are listed horizontally. Simplistically, whichever option earns the highest score against the specification rubric is chosen. Realistically, design is an repetitious process and many layers of matrices are typically created with increasingly refined specifications, weighted rubrics, and lots of brainstorming and research.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage3/3.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Flowcharts</b>
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Flowcharts are a standard part of computer programming. Flowcharts, and process flow diagrams, are generally used to graphically represent various branching processes. Flowcharts are used throughout the curriculum to describe configuration, troubleshooting, and communications processes.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage4/4.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Block Diagrams</b>
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Block diagrams are standard throughout electronics. A few simple symbols (or pictorials) are used along with arrows to indicate the flow of information, along with simple descriptions of the functions of the various "black box" blocks. Block diagrams represent an intermediate level of detail for electrical systems - they are not circuit-level schematic diagrams. A block diagram of the internal components of a PC, the internal components of a router, or the devices which make up the LAN or a WAN make a good accompaniment to flowcharts explaining processes taking place among the blocks. Block diagrams often wind up being similar to logical topologies.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage5/5.gif" width="12" height="12"><br>
<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage6/6.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Topological Diagrams (Logical and Physical Topologies)</b>
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In networking there are logical topological diagrams and physical topological diagrams. Logical topologies refer to the devices, logical interconnections, and flow of information in a network. Physical topologies refer to the actual devices, logical interconnections, and flow of information in a network. Physical topologies refer to actual devices, ports, interconnections, and physical layout of a network. Both are used intensively.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage7/7.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Voltage Versus Time Graphs</b>
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Electrical engineers refer to voltage versus time graphs of signals as the "time domain". These graphs are what would be measured by an oscilloscope. These graphs summarize many concepts important in networking, particularly in the first semester curriculum, including: bits, bytes, analog signals, digital signals, noise, attenuation, reflection, collision, AC, DC, RFI, EMI, encoding, transmission errors.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage8/8.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Voltage Versus Frequency Graphs (Spectrum Diagrams)</b>
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Electrical engineers refer to voltage (or amplitude) versus frequency graphs as the "frequency domain". These graphs are what would be measured by a spectrum analyzer, and are fundamental to many concepts important in networks, particularly bandwidth and signaling.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage9/9.gif" width="12" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Layered Communication Diagrams</b>
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A powerful way to understand how communication occurs, whether it is communication between people or computers, is to use a layered communication diagram. One layered communication diagram used extensively in the curriculum is the OSI seven-layer model (other models exist and are pedagogically useful). These diagrams are typically vertical stacks, each layer describing different essential network communication functions without the specific implementation details of how that function is actually achieved.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage10/10.gif" width="20" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Frame Format Diagrams</b>
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Frame format diagrams and message format diagrams are used throughout the curriculum to summarize the information that networking protocols add to the original user data being communicated. These diagrams summarize the packaging of data so that it can be transmitted over a data network. Typically the frame (or message) is broken up into various fields that are labeled by name and number of bytes. These diagrams are typical horizontal stacks, and are highly specific expressions of networking protocols.<br>
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<img border="0" src="../../../../../CHAPID=knet-v214aCH48751/RLOID=knet-v214aRLO48756/RIOID=knet-v214aRIO127707/knet/v214adataimage12/12.gif" width="20" height="12"></span></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span class="smtext"><b>Standard Internetworking Symbols</b>
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Block diagrams, flow diagrams, and logical topologies need simple, consistent ways of representing PCs, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and many other LAN and WAN Internetworking devices. Wherever they exist, you should use standard symbols.<br>
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