terminfo.5

来自「<B>Digital的Unix操作系统VAX 4.2源码</B>」· 5 代码 · 共 1,365 行 · 第 1/4 页

   smcup=\eEU\eEv  8p\eEp\er, smir=\eE^P, smkx=\eEX, smso=\eEE\eED,
   smul=\eEG, tabs, ul, vt#8, xenl,\s+2
.EE
Entries can continue onto multiple lines by placing white space at
the beginning of each line, with the exception of the first line.
Comments can be included, as long as the comment is preceded by 
a number sign (#).  The following list describes terminal 
capabilities in more detail.
.PP
.B Types of Capabilities
.IP "Boolean capabilities" 22
Indicate that the terminal has
some particular feature.  For example, the Concept\-100 has automatic
margins (an automatic return and linefeed when the end-of-line is 
reached).  This is described in the Boolean capabilities column
as an 
.B am.
.IP "Numeric capabilities"
Provide the size of the terminal
or the size of particular delays.  Numeric capabilities are followed
by a number sign (#) and then the value.  Hence, the \fBcols\fR,
which indicates the number of column the terminal has, provides
the value 80 for the Concept.
.IP "String capabilities"
Provide a sequence that can be used to perform particular
terminal operations.  Hence, string-valued capabilities such as 
\fBel\fR (clear to the end-of-line sequence are described 
the 2-character code (an equal sign (=) and then a string
ending at the next comma (,).  A delay in milliseconds can appear
anywhere in such a capability, enclosed in $<..> brackets,
and padding characters are supplied by
.PN tputs
to provide this delay.
.IP
A delay can be either a number, such as 20, or a number followed by
an asterisk (*), such as 3*.  The asterisk (*) indicates that the padding 
required is proportional to the number of lines affected by the operation, 
and the amount given is the per-affected-unit padding required.
(In the case of the insert character, the factor is still the number of
lines affected.
This is always one, unless the terminal has \fBxenl\fP and the 
software uses it.)
When an asterisk (*) is specified, it is sometimes useful to 
give a delay of the form
3.5, which indicates a delay per unit to tenths of milliseconds.
(Only one decimal place is allowed.)
.PP
Escape sequences are provided in the string-valued capabilities
for easy encoding of characters there.  Both \fB\eE\fR and \fB\ee\fR
map to an \s-1ESCAPE\s0 character,
\fB^x\fR maps to a control-x for any appropriate x, and the sequences
\fB\en \el \er \et \eb \ef \es\fR give
a newline, linefeed, return, tab, backspace, formfeed, and space.
Other escapes include \e^ for ^, \e\e for \e, \e, for comma, \e: for :,
and \e0 for null.
(\e0 will produce \e200, which does not terminate a string but behaves
as a null character on most terminals.)
Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a \fB\e\fR.
.PP
Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out.
To do this, put a period before the capability name.
For example, see the second
.B ind
in the previous Sample Entry.
.br
.ne 5
.PP
.B Preparing Descriptions
.PP
This section describes how to prepare a description of a terminal.
The most effective way to prepare a terminal description is by imitating
the description of a similar terminal in
.PN  terminfo
and to build up a description gradually.
A very unusual terminal 
may expose deficiencies in the ability of the
.PN terminfo
file to describe the terminal.
.PP
To test a new terminal description, set the environment variable
TERMINFO to a pathname of a directory containing the
compiled description you are working on.  The programs can search
this directory rather than search
.IR /usr/lib/terminfo .
To get the padding for insert line right (if the terminal manufacturer
did not document it), edit /etc/passwd at 9600 baud,
delete 16 or so lines from the middle of the screen, then type the 
character u several times quickly.
If the terminal behaves erratically, more padding is usually needed.
A similar test can be used for the insert character.
.PP
.B Basic Capabilities
.PP
The number of columns on each line for the terminal is specified by the
\fBcols\fR numeric capability.  If the terminal is a \s-1CRT\s0, then the
number of lines on the screen is given by the \fBlines\fR capability.
If the terminal wraps around to the beginning of the next line when
it reaches the right margin, then it should have the \fBam\fR capability.
If the terminal can clear its screen, leaving the cursor in the home
position, then this is given by the \fBclear\fR string capability.
If the terminal overstrikes
(rather than clearing a position when a character is struck over),
then it should have the \fBos\fR capability.
If the terminal is a printing terminal, with no soft copy unit,
give it both
.B hc
and
.BR os .
.RB ( os
applies to storage scope terminals, such as \s-1TEKTRONIX\s+1 4010
series, as well as hard copy and APL terminals.)
If there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the current
row, give this as
.BR cr .
(Normally this will be carriage return, control M.)
If there is a code to produce an audible signal (bell, beep, etc),
give this as
.BR bel .
.PP
If there is a code to move the cursor one position to the left
(such as backspace) that capability should be given as
.BR cub1 .
Similarly, codes to move to the right, up, and down should be
given as
.BR cuf1 ,
.BR cuu1 ,
and
.BR cud1 .
These local cursor motions should not alter the text they pass over;
for example, you would not normally use `\fBcuf1\fP=\ ' because the
space would erase the character moved over.
.NT
The local cursor motions encoded
in
.PN  terminfo
are undefined at the left and top edges of a \s-1CRT\s0 terminal.
Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge,
unless
.B bw
is given,
and never attempt to go up locally off the top.
In order to scroll text up, a program will go to the bottom left corner
of the screen and send the
.B ind
(index) string.
.NE
.PP
To scroll text down, a program goes to the top left corner
of the screen and sends the
.B ri
(reverse index) string.
The strings
.B ind
and
.B ri
are undefined when not on their respective corners of the screen.
.PP
Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are
.B indn
and
.BR rin ,
which have the same semantics as
.B ind
and
.BR ri ,
except that they take one parameter and scroll that many lines.
They are also undefined, except at the appropriate edge of the screen.
.PP
The \fBam\fR capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right
edge of the screen when text is output, but this does not necessarily
apply to a
.B cuf1
from the last column.
The only local motion that is defined from the left edge is if
.B bw
is given, then a
.B cub1
from the left edge will move to the right edge of the previous row.
If
.B bw
is not given, the effect is undefined.
This is useful for drawing a box around the edge of the screen, for example.
If the terminal has switch-selectable automatic margins,
the
.PN terminfo
file usually assumes that this is on; that is, \fBam\fR.
If the terminal has a command which moves to the first column of the next
line, that command can be given as
.B nel
(newline).
It does not matter if the command clears the remainder of the current line,
so, if the terminal has no
.B cr
and
.BR lf ,
it may still be possible to craft a working
.B nel
out of one or both of them.
.PP
These capabilities suffice to describe hardcopy and glass-tty terminals.
Thus, the Model 33 Teletype is described as:
.EX
\s-133\||\|tty33\||\|tty\||\|model 33 teletype,
bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os,\s+1
.EE
The Lear Siegler \s-1ADM\-3\s0 is described as:
.EX
\s-1adm3\||\|3\||\|lsi adm3,
am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
ind=^J, lines#24,\s+1
.EE
.B Parameterized Strings
.PP
Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters
in the terminal are described by a
parameterized string capability, with 
.MS printf 3s ,
such as escapes like \fB%x\fR.
For example, to address the cursor, the
.B cup
capability is given, using two parameters:
the row and column to address to.
(Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to the
physical screen visible to the user, not to any unseen memory.)
If the terminal has memory-relative cursor addressing,
that can be indicated by
.BR mrcup .
.PP
The parameter mechanism uses a stack and special \fB%\fP codes
to manipulate it.  Typically a sequence pushes one of the
parameters onto the stack and then prints it in some format.
Often, more complex operations are necessary.
.PP
The percent sign (\fB%\fR) encodings have the following meanings:
.PP
.DT
.nf
.ta .5i 1.5i
	\s-1%%	outputs `%'
	%d	print pop() as in printf
	%2d	print pop() like %2d
	%3d	print pop() like %3d
	%02d
	%03d	as in printf
	%c	print pop() gives %c
	%s	print pop() gives %s

	%p[1-9]	push ith parm
	%P[a-z]	set variable [a-z] to pop()
	%g[a-z]	get variable [a-z] and push it
	%'c'	char constant c
	%{nn}	integer constant nn

	%+ %- %* %/ %m
		arithmetic (%m is mod): push(pop() op pop())
	%& %| %^	bit operations: push(pop() op pop())
	%= %> %<	logical operations: push(pop() op pop())
	%! %~	unary operations push(op pop())
	%i	add 1 to first two parms (for ANSI terminals)

	%? expr %t thenpart %e elsepart %;
		if-then-else, %e elsepart is optional.
		else-if's are possible ala Algol 68:
		%? c\d1\u %t b\d1\u %e c\d2\u %t b\d2\u %e c\d3\u %t b\d3\u %e c\d4\u %t b\d4\u %e %;
\s+1		c\di\u are conditions, b\di\u are bodies.
.fi
.PP
Binary operations are in postfix form with the operands in the usual order.
That is, to get x-5, use %gx%{5}%-.
.PP
Consider the HP2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs
to be sent \eE&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds.  Note that the order
of the rows and columns is inverted here, and that the row and column
are printed as two digits.
Thus, its \fBcup\fR capability is cup=6\eE&%p2%2dc%p1%2dY.
.PP
The Microterm \s-1ACT-IV\s0 needs the current row and column sent
preceded by a \fB^T\fR, with the row and column simply encoded in binary,
cup=^T%p1%c%p2%c.
Terminals that use %c need to be able to
backspace the cursor (\fBcub1\fR),
and to move the cursor up one line on the screen (\fBcuu1\fR).
This is necessary because it is not always safe to transmit \fB\en\fR
\fB^D\fR and \fB\er\fR, as the system may change or discard them.
(The library routines dealing with terminfo set tty modes so that
tabs are never expanded, so \et is safe to send.
This turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)
.PP
A final example is the \s-1LSI ADM\s0-3a, which uses row and column
offset by a blank character; thus cup=\eE=%p1%' '%+%c%p2%' '%+%.
After sending \eE=, this pushes the first parameter, pushes the
ASCII value for a space (32), adds them (pushing the sum on the stack
in place of the two previous values), and outputs that value as a character.
Then, the same is done for the second parameter.
More complex arithmetic is possible using the stack.
.PP
If the terminal has row or column absolute cursor addressing,
these can be given as single parameter capabilities
.B hpa
(horizontal position absolute)
and
.B vpa
(vertical position absolute).
Sometimes, these are shorter than the more general 2-parameter
sequence (as with the hp2645) and can be used in preference to
.B cup .
If there are parameterized local motions (for example, move
.I n
spaces to the right), these can be given as
.BR cud ,
.BR cub ,
.BR cuf ,
and
.BR cuu ,
with a single parameter indicating how many spaces to move.
These are primarily useful if the terminal does not have
.BR cup ,
such as the \s-1TEKTRONIX\s+1 4025.
.PP
.B Cursor Motions
.PP
If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor
(to very upper left corner of screen), then this can be given as
\fBhome\fR. 
Similarly, a fast way of getting to the lower left-hand corner
can be given as \fBll\fR. This may involve going up with \fBcuu1\fR
from the home position,
but a program should never do this itself (unless \fBll\fR does), because it
can make no assumption about the effect of moving up from the home position.
Note that the home position is the same as addressing to (0,0):
the top left corner of the screen, not memory.
Thus, the \eEH sequence on HP terminals cannot be used for
.BR home .
.PP
.B Area Clears
.PP
If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
line, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as \fBel\fR.
If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
display, this should be given as \fBed\fR.
\fBEd\fR is only defined from the first column of a line.
Thus, it can be simulated by a request to delete a large number of lines,