install.sgml

关系型数据库 Postgresql 6.5.2

 <Chapter Id="install">
  <Title>Installation</Title>

  <Abstract>
   <Para>
    Complete installation instructions for 
    <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> v6.5.1.
   </Para>
  </Abstract>

  <Para>
   Before installing <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>, you may wish to visit
   <ULink url="http://www.postgresql.org">www.postgresql.org</ULink>
   for up to date information, patches, etc.
  </Para>

  <Para>
   These installation instructions assume:

   <ItemizedList Mark="bullet" Spacing="compact">
    <ListItem>
     <Para>
      Commands are Unix-compatible. See note below.
     </Para>
    </ListItem>
    <ListItem>
     <Para>
      Defaults are used except where noted.
     </Para>
    </ListItem>
    <ListItem>
     <Para>
      User <literal>postgres</literal> is the 
      <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser.
     </Para>
    </ListItem>
    <ListItem>
     <Para>
      The source path is <filename>/usr/src/pgsql</filename> (other paths are possible).
     </Para>
    </ListItem>
    <ListItem>
     <Para>
      The runtime path is <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename> (other paths are possible).
     </Para>
    </ListItem>
   </ItemizedList>
  </para>

  <Para>
   Commands were tested on RedHat Linux version 5.2 using the tcsh shell.
   Except where noted, they will probably work on most systems. Commands
   like <command>ps</command> and <command>tar</command> may vary wildly 
   between platforms on what options you should use.
   <Emphasis>Use common sense</Emphasis> before typing in these commands.
  </Para>

  <Para>
   Our Makefiles require GNU <Application>make</Application> (called
   <Quote>gmake</Quote> in this document).  They will <Emphasis>not</Emphasis>
   work with non-GNU <Application>make</Application> programs.  If you
   have GNU <Application>make</Application> installed under the name 
   <Quote>make</Quote> instead of <Quote>gmake</Quote>, then you will use the
   command <command>make</command> instead. That's OK, but
   you need to have the GNU form of <Application>make</Application> to succeed with
   an installation.
  </Para>

  <Sect1>
   <Title>Requirements to Run <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName></Title>

   <Para>
    Up to date information on supported platforms is at
    <ulink url="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/admin/install.htm">
     http://www.postgresql.org/docs/admin/install.htm</ulink>.

    In general, most Unix-compatible
    platforms with modern libraries should be able to run
    <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>.
   </para>
   <para>
    Although the minimum required memory for running <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
    is as little as 8MB, there are noticable improvements in runtimes for the regression
    tests when expanding memory up to 96MB on a relatively fast dual-processor system
    running X-Windows.
    The rule is you can never have too much memory.
   </para>
   <Para>
    Check that you have sufficient disk space.  You will need about
    30 Mbytes for <filename>/usr/src/pgsql</filename>, 
    about 5 Mbytes for <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename>
    (excluding your database) and 1 Mbyte for an empty database.
    The database will temporarily grow to about 20 Mbytes during the
    regression tests.  You will also need about 3 Mbytes for the
    distribution tar file.
   </Para>

   <Para>
    We therefore recommend that during installation and testing you
    have well over 20 Mbytes free under <filename>/usr/local</filename> and another 25 Mbytes
    free on the disk partition containing your database.  Once you
    delete the source files, tar file and regression database, you
    will need 2 Mbytes for <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename>, 1 Mbyte for the empty
    database, plus about five times the space you would require to
    store your database data in a flat file.
   </Para>

   <Para>
    To check for disk space, use 
    <programlisting>
$ df -k
    </programlisting>
   </para>
  </Sect1>

<Sect1>
<Title>Installation Procedure</Title>

<Procedure>
<Title><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Installation</Title>

<Para>
For a fresh install or upgrading from previous releases of
<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>:
</Para>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
Read any last minute information and platform specific porting
     notes.  There are some platform specific notes at the end of this
     file for Ultrix4.x, Linux, BSD/OS and NeXT.  There are other
     files in directory <FileName>/usr/src/pgsql/doc</FileName>, including files FAQ-Irix
     and FAQ-Linux.  Also look in directory
<ULink url="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub">ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub</ULink>.
     If there is a file called INSTALL in this directory then this
     file will contain the latest installation information.
</Para>

<Para>
     Please note that a "tested" platform in the list given earlier
     simply means that someone went to the effort at some point of making
     sure that a <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> distribution would compile and run on this
     platform without modifying the code.  Since the current developers
     will not have access to all of these platforms, some of them may not
     compile cleanly and pass the regression tests in the current
     release due to minor problems.  Any such known problems and their
     solutions will be posted in 
<ULink url="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/INSTALL">ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/INSTALL</ULink>.
</Para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="optional">
<Para>
Create the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser account
(<literal>postgres</literal> is commonly used) if it does not already exist.
</para>
<para>
The owner of the Postgres files can be any unprivileged user account.
It <emphasis>must not</emphasis> be <literal>root</literal>, <literal>bin</literal>,
or any other account with special access rights, as that would create a security risk.
</para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
Log in to the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser account. Most of the
remaining steps in the installation will happen in this account.
</para>
</step>
<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
Ftp file 
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz">
 <filename>ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz</filename></ulink>
 from the Internet.  Store it in your home directory.
</Para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
Some platforms use <application>flex</application>.  
If your system uses <application>flex</application> then make sure
     you have a good version.  To check, type 
<programlisting>
$ flex --version
</programlisting>

</Para>

<Para>
     If the <application>flex</application> command is not found then you probably do not need it.
     If the version is 2.5.2 or 2.5.4 or greater then you are okay.  If it
     is 2.5.3 or before 2.5.2 then you will have to upgrade <application>flex</application>.  You may
     get it at 
<ulink url="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz</ulink>.
</Para>

<Para>
     If you need <application>flex</application> and don't have it or have the wrong version, then
     you will be told so when you attempt to compile the program.  Feel
     free to skip this step if you aren't sure you need it.  If you do
     need it then you will be told to install/upgrade <application>flex</application> when you try to
     compile <productname>Postgres</productname>.
</Para>

<Para>
You may want to do the entire <application>flex</application> installation from
the root account, though that is not absolutely necessary.
Assuming that you want the installation to place files in the usual default
areas, type the following:
<ProgramListing>
$ su -
$ cd /usr/local/src
ftp prep.ai.mit.edu
ftp> cd /pub/gnu/
ftp> binary
ftp> get flex-2.5.4.tar.gz
ftp> quit
$ gunzip -c flex-2.5.4.tar.gz | tar xvf -
$ cd flex-2.5.4
$ configure --prefix=/usr
$ gmake
$ gmake check
# You must be root when typing the next line:
$ gmake install
$ cd /usr/local/src
$ rm -rf flex-2.5.4
</ProgramListing>
</Para>

<Para>
     This will update files <filename>/usr/man/man1/flex.1</filename>,
 <filename>/usr/bin/flex</filename>,
     <filename>/usr/lib/libfl.a</filename>,
 <filename>/usr/include/FlexLexer.h</filename> and will add a link
     <filename>/usr/bin/flex++</filename> which points to flex.
</Para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
If you are not upgrading an existing system then skip to 
<xref linkend="newdirs">.
If you are upgrading from 6.5, you do not need to dump/reload or initdb.
Simply compile the source code, stop the postmaster, do a "make install", and
restart the postmaster.

If you are upgrading from 6.4.* or earlier,  back up your database.
     For alpha- and beta-level releases, the database format is liable
     to change, often every few weeks, with no notice besides a quick comment
     in the HACKERS mailing list.  Full releases always require a dump/reload
     from previous releases.  It is therefore a bad idea to skip this
     step.  
</para>
<tip>
<para>
Do not use the <application>pg_dumpall</application> 
script from v6.0 or everything
     will be owned by the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> super user.
</para>
</tip>

<para>
To dump your fairly recent post-v6.0 database installation, type

<programlisting>
$ pg_dumpall > db.out
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
To use the latest <application>pg_dumpall</application> script on your
existing older database before upgrading <productname>Postgres</productname>,
pull the most recent version of <application>pg_dumpall</application>
from the new distribution:

<ProgramListing>
$ cd
$ gunzip -c postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz \
    | tar xvf - src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
$ chmod a+x src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
$ src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall > db.out
$ rm -rf src
</ProgramListing>
</Para>

<Para>
     If you wish to preserve object id's (oids), then use the -o
     option when running <application>pg_dumpall</application>.  
However, unless you have a
     special reason for doing this (such as using OIDs as keys
in tables), don't do it.
</Para>

<Para>
     If the <application>pg_dumpall</application> command
 seems to take a long time and you think
     it might have died, then, from another terminal, type
<programlisting>
$ ls -l db.out
</programlisting>
     several times to see if the size of the file is growing.
</Para>

<Para>
     Please note that if you are upgrading from a version prior to
     <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> v1.09 then you must back up your database,
 install
     <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> v1.09, restore your database,
 then back it up again.
     You should also read the release notes which should cover any
 release-specific issues.
</Para>

<caution>
<Para>
     You must make sure that your database is not updated in the middle of
     your backup.  If necessary, bring down postmaster, edit the permissions
     in file <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf</filename>
 to allow only you on, then
     bring <application>postmaster</application> back up.
</Para>
</caution>

</Step>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
If you are upgrading an existing system then kill the postmaster.  Type
<ProgramListing>
$ ps -ax | grep postmaster
</ProgramListing>

     This should list the process numbers for a number of processes.  Type
     the following line, with <replaceable>pid</replaceable>
 replaced by the process id for process
     <literal>postmaster</literal>.  
(Do not use the id for process "grep postmaster".)  Type
<programlisting>
$ kill <replaceable>pid</replaceable>
</programlisting>
to actually stop the process.

<tip>
<para>
On systems which have <productname>Postgres</productname> started at boot time, there
is probably a startup file which will accomplish the same thing. For example, on my
Linux system I can type
<programlisting>
$ /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgres.init stop
</programlisting>
to halt <productname>Postgres</productname>.
</para>
</tip>
</Para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
If you are upgrading an existing system then move the old directories
     out of the way.  If you are short of disk space then you may have to
     back up and delete the directories instead.  If you do this, save the
     old database in the <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data</filename> directory tree.  At a
     minimum, save file <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf</filename>.
</Para>

<Para>
     Type the following:
<programlisting>
$ su -
$ cd /usr/src
$ mv pgsql pgsql_6_0
$ cd /usr/local
$ mv pgsql pgsql_6_0
$ exit
</programlisting>
</Para>

<Para>
     If you are not using <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data</filename>
 as your data directory
     (check to see if environment variable PGDATA is set to something
     else) then you will also want to move this directory in the same
     manner.
</Para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="required" id="newdirs">
<Para>
  Make new source and install directories.  The actual paths can be
     different for your installation but you must be consistent throughout this procedure.
</para>
<note>
<para>
There are two places in this installation procedure where you will have an opportunity
to specify installation locations for programs, libraries, documentation, and other files.
Usually it is sufficient to specify these at the <command>gmake install</command> stage
of installation.
</para>
</note>

<para>
     Type
<ProgramListing>
$ su
$ cd /usr/src
$ mkdir pgsql
$ chown postgres:postgres pgsql
$ cd /usr/local
$ mkdir pgsql
$ chown postgres:postgres pgsql
$ exit
</ProgramListing>
</Para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
 Unzip and untar the new source file.  Type
<ProgramListing>
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql
$ gunzip -c ~/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz | tar xvf -
</ProgramListing>
</Para>
</Step>

<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
 Configure the source code for your system.  It is this step at which
     you can specify your actual installation path for
     the build process (see the --prefix option below).  Type
<ProgramListing>
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src
$ ./configure [ <replaceable>options</replaceable> ]
</ProgramListing>
</Para>

<substeps>

<Step Performance="optional">
<Para>
     Among other chores, the configure script selects a system-specific
     "template" file from the files provided in the template subdirectory.
     If it cannot guess which one to use for your system, it will say so and
     exit.  In that case you'll need to figure out which one to use and run
     configure again, this time giving the 
<option>--with-template=TEMPLATE</option> option to
     make the right file be chosen.