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对内存的分配、释放和使用进行检查

# (c) Copyright 1990 Conor P. Cahill. (uunet!virtech!cpcahil) 
# You may copy, distribute, and use this software as long as this
# copyright statement is not removed.

This package is a collection of routines which are a drop-in replacement
for the malloc(3), memory(3), string(3), and bstring(3) library functions.

The purpose of these programs is to aid the development and/or debugging
of programs using these functions by providing a high level of consistancy
checking whenever a malloc pointer is used.  Due to this increased 
level of consistancy checking, these functions have a considerably larger
overhead than the standard functions, but the extra checking should be
well worth it in a development environment.

To use these functions all you need to do is compile the library and
include it on your loader command line.  You do not need to recompile
your code, only a relink is necessary.  

Features of this library:

 1. The malloced area returned from each call to malloc is filled with
    non-null bytes.  This should catch any use of uninitialized malloc
    area.  The fill pattern for malloced area is 0x01.

 2. When free is called numerous validity checks are made on the 
    pointer it is passed.  In addition, the data in the malloc block
    beyound the size requested on the initial malloc is checked to 
    verify that it is still filled with the original fill characters.

	This is usefull for catching things like:

		ptr = malloc(5);
		ptr[5] = '\0';

		/*
		 * You should not that this will be caught when it is
		 * freed not when it is done
		 */

    And finally, the freed block is filled with a different fill pattern
    so that you can easily determine if you are still using free'd space.
    The fill pattern for free'd areas is 0x02.

	This is usefull for catching things like:

		ptr = malloc(20);

		bptr = ptr+10;

		/* do something usefule with bptr */

		free(ptr);

		/* 
		 * now try to do something useful with bptr, it should
		 * be trashed enough that it would cause real problems
		 * and when you went to debug the problem it would be
		 * filled with 0x02's and you would then know to look 
		 * for something free'ing what bptr points to.
		 */
		

 3. Whenever a bstring(3)/string(3)/memory(3) function is called, it's 
    parameters are checked as follows:

	If they point somewhere in the malloc arena
		If the operation goes beyond requested malloc space
			call malloc_warning()

	This is usefull for catching things like:

		ptr = malloc(5);
		strcpy(ptr,"abcde");
			
	
 4. Malloc_warning() and malloc_fatal() are used when an error condition
    is detected.  If the error is severe, malloc_fatal is called.  
    Malloc_warning is used otherwise.  The decision about what is fatal
    and what is a warning was made somewhat arbitrarily.

    Warning messages include:

	Calling free with a bad pointer
        Calling a bstring/string/memory (3) function which will go beyond
	    the end of a malloc block (Note that the library function is
            not modified to refuse the operation.  If malloc warnings are
	    in the default IGNORE case, the operation will continue and 
	    at some point cause a real problem).

    Fatal errors are:

	Detectable corruption to the malloc chain.
	

 5. The operations to perform when an error is detected are specified at
    run time by the use of environment variables.

	MALLOC_WARN - specifies the warning error message handling
	MALLOC_FATAL - specifies the fatal error handling


	When one of these error conditions occur you will get an error
	message and the handler will execute based upon what setting
	is in the environment variables.  Currently understood settings
	are as follows:

		  0 - continue operations
		  1 - drop core and exit
		  2 - just exit
		  3 - drop core, but continue executing.  Core files will
	 		be placed into core.[PID].[counter] i.e: core.00123.001
		128 - dump malloc chain and continue
		129 - dump malloc chain, dump core, and exit
		130 - dump malloc chain, exit
		131 - dump malloc chain, dump core, continue processing
		

	There is an additional environment variable MALLOC_ERRFILE which
	is used to indicate the name of the file for error message output.

	For example, to set up the session to generate a core file for
	every malloc warning, to drop core and exit on a malloc fatal, and 
	to log all messages to the file "malloc_log" do the following:

		MALLOC_WARN=131
		MALLOC_FATAL=1
		MALLOC_ERRFILE=malloc_log

		export MALLOC_WARN MALLOC_FATAL MALLOC_ERRFILE

 6. The function malloc_dump() is available to dump the malloc chain whenever
    you might want.  It's only argument is a file descriptor to use to write
    the data.  Review the code if you need to know what data is printed.