part.htm

一个Win95/98/NT下的分区管理程序

   
      FAT-16 was used on early hard disks. Original version could have
   up to 65,000 clusters on partitions up to 32M.
   
      BIGDOS FAT-16 which was released with DOS 3.31 doesn't have 32M 
   limitation and can be as large as 2G. For backward compartibility
   all DOS versions later than 3.31 will accept both FAT-12 and FAT-16
   file systems in the BIGDOS partition.

      This program includes format utility which formats all three file
   system types. It has the following options:

      part -f n [/quick | /destructive] [/l:volume_label]
                [/c:sect_per_cluster] [/x:max_num_sect | /x:disk]

      If you specify "quick" option, the program will assume that your
   hard disk doesn't have any bad sectors. You can verify disk once, and
   if it doesn't have bad sectors you can then use quick format.
 
      If you don't specify cluster size it will be selected automatically
   depending on partition size from 4 sectors and up. Here is the table
   for BIGDOS FAT-16 file system:

                Cluster size         Maximum partition size

   	   1 sector        512 bytes           32M
       *   2 sectors     1,024 bytes           64M        recommended
       *   4 sectors     2,048 bytes          128M       cluster sizes
       *   8 sectors     4,096 bytes          256M        are marked 
       *  16 sectors     8,192 bytes          512M         with '*'
       *  32 sectors    16,384 bytes            1G
       *  64 sectors    32,768 bytes            2G
   	 128 sectors    65,536 bytes            4G

      Although you can format disk with all those cluster sizes it's not
   recomended to use very small or very large values. Many programs have
   weird bugs with that. For example, SCANDISK will freeze if cluster
   size is 128, while Norton Disk Doctor seems to work without problems.

      By specifying max_num_sect parameter you can reserve space in FAT
   for the future expansion of the partition. If you type "/x:disk"
   (exactly as it is written) format will make FATs large enough so that
   you can expand you partition to entire disk.
   
      You can make FAT partition smaller (shrink them). To do that run
   some disk defragmentation utility (like DEFRAG.EXE). Then go to setup
   screen inside part.exe. One of the lines will show the minimum 
   partition size, based on the last cluster occupied by data. The value
   should be equal to sum of the file and directory sizes on your disk.
   If it is greater it means, that some hidden files were not moved by
   the defragmentation utility. You have to find those files (for example 
   Norton Speed Disk will show their names), remove system and hidden 
   attributes and run disk defragmenter again. But be careful with moving
   them, because some programs may use absolute file locations for their
   illigal installation checks.

<HR>
<A NAME="setup_fat32"></A><A NAME="0x0B00"></A><A NAME="0x1B00"></A>Windows 95 FAT-32 file systems

	0x0B, "Windows 95 FAT-32"

      This file system was designed to support disks larger than 2G, which
   was the limit for FAT-16 file system. FAT-32 partition can be as large 
   as 2T (2,048G). 

   It has the following structure:
      
   	[Boot Record (3 sectors)]
   	[Backup Copy of Boot Record]
   	[First copy of FAT]
   	[Second copy of FAT]
   	[Cluster 2]
   	[Cluster 3]
   	[Cluster 4]
   	...

      Root directory on FAT-32 treated as an ordinary directory, and can
   be located anywhere on the disk and doesn't have predefined fixed size
   (unlike FAT-16).

      Options for formatting FAT-32 file system are similar to FAT-16
   options: 

      part -f n [/quick | /destructive] [/l:volume_label]
                [/c:sect_per_cluster] [/x:max_num_sect | /x:disk]

      Strategy for resizing FAT-32 partition is also similar to one for
   FAT-16:
   
      - Run defragmenter utility on the FAT-32 partition
      - Change partition size in the partition table
      - Enter setup screen and make same changes there
        (make sure they are valid - otherwise they will turn red)
      - Reboot computer and run scandisk to check that everything
        is ok and also to reset amount of free space.

<HR>

<A NAME="0x0500"></A><A NAME="0x1500"></A><A NAME="extended"></A>Extended DOS partition

      Partiton table has space for only four records. To have more than
   four partitions DOS uses Extended DOS partition scheme. This scheme
   allows you to have as much as 23 DOS volumes on one physical drive.
   Unfortunately, native DOS's program FDISK imposes another limitation
   that you cannot have more than one primary (bootable) MS-DOS partition
   on the hard disk. The truth is you CAN have more than one. The problem
   is that MS-DOS's FDISK refuses to create second one for you.
   
      If you run FDISK it will create one primary partition and then will
   mark the rest of the space as an Extended partition. The first sector
   of the Extended partition is called EMBR (Extended MBR). It has the
   same structure as MBR. Inside of each Extended partition you can have
   one FAT (or NTFS) partition, called logical drive, and another Extended
   partition. For some unknown reason relative sectors of inner extended
   partitions are calculated from the beginning of the outermost partition,
   while relative sectors of FAT partitions are from the beginning of the
   enclosing extended partition.

   Here is an example:

      HD  520 Mb
      ---------------------------------------------------
      Primary FAT-16  120Mb                                [ C: 120Mb ]
      Extended DOS    300Mb -----------------------------
                            FAT-16  100Mb                  [ D: 100Mb ]
                            ExtDOS  200Mb ---------------
                                          FAT-16  200Mb    [ E: 200Mb ]
                                          ---------------
                            -----------------------------
      Linux           100Mb                                [ /  100Mb ]
      ---------------------------------------------------

      Note that the order of partitions on the disk also matters. FAT
   partition must go first. And the extended partition must follow.
   
      Hint: in the Partition Manager you can use PgUp and PgDn to jump
   between EMBR levels.

      You cannot boot from extended partition, nor from any logical drive
   inside of it. If you try it, the system would simply hang, because its
   boot record unlike other file systems doesn't have any loader code. It
   has only zeros. You can install a "non bootable" dummy boot record,
   which instead of crashing will display a message:
  
      Extended DOS partition is not bootable.
      Press any key to reboot...
   
<A NAME="make_primary"></A>Making logical drives bootable

      As I mentioned before, you cannot boot from Extended partition or
   from any logical drive contained in it. But what if you need?  The
   solution is simple. All you have to do is to move the record that
   describs logical drive from the EMBR to the primary MBR, and adjust
   size of the Extended partition.  Then you have to set the correct
   number of "sectors prior to partition" in the DOS boot sector,
   whose value is used to load system files. And finally you have to
   run sys.com to install system files on disk.

      Lets see what we can do with <A HREF="#extended">our example</A>.

   Variant 1.
  
      Notice that size of the extended partition was changed and second
   extended partition is gone.

      HD  520 Mb
      ---------------------------------------------------
      Primary FAT-16  120Mb                                [ C: 120Mb ]
      Extended DOS    100Mb -----------------------------
                            FAT-16  100Mb                  [ D: 100Mb ]
                            -----------------------------
      Primary FAT-16  200Mb                                [ E: 200Mb ]
      Linux           100Mb                                [ /  100Mb ]
      ---------------------------------------------------
      

   Variant 2.

      Here we just moved both records from extended partition to the MBR.

      HD  520 Mb
      ---------------------------------------------------
      Primary FAT-16  120Mb                                [ C: 120Mb ]
      Primary FAT-16  100Mb                                [ D: 100Mb ]
      Extended DOS    200Mb -----------------------------
                            FAT-16  200Mb                  [ E: 200Mb ]
                            -----------------------------
      Linux           100Mb                                [ /  100Mb ]
      ---------------------------------------------------
      

   Variant 3.
  
      HD  520 Mb
      ---------------------------------------------------
      Primary FAT-16  120Mb                                [ C: 120Mb ]
      Primary FAT-16  100Mb                                [ D: 100Mb ]
      Primary FAT-16  200Mb                                [ E: 200Mb ]
      Linux           100Mb                                [ /  100Mb ]
      ---------------------------------------------------
 
<HR>

<A NAME="cmd_line"></A>Command line options

Usage: part [-q] [-d disk] [-command ...]

 part          - Interactive mode
 part -i       - Print IDE disk info
 part -p       - Print partition table
 part -p -r    - Print info recursively
 part -a n     - Activate n-th partition
 part -v n     - Verify n-th partition
 part -f n ... - Format n-th partition
 part -s file  - Save MBR to file
 part -l file  - Load MBR from file
 part -c file  - Compare MBR with file
 part -Reboot  - Reboot computer

 The program returns exit code 0 if there was no errors and/or
 compared objects had no differences (1 is returned otherwise).

<HR>
<A NAME="moreinfo"></A>
Additional information and help resources

   <A HREF="http://www.users.intercom.com/~ranish/part/">Partition Manager Home Page</A>

   <A HREF="http://www.users.intercom.com/~ranish/part/primer.htm">Partitioning Primer</A>
   <A HREF="http://www.users.intercom.com/~ranish/part/faq.htm">Partition Manager FAQ (always up to date)</A>
   <A HREF="http://www.users.intercom.com/~ranish/links.htm#partitioning">Links to partitioning and bootstrap related materials</A>

   <A HREF="news:comp.os.ms-windows.win95.setup">comp.os.ms-windows.win95.setup</A>
   <A HREF="news:comp.os.ms-windows.setup.win95">comp.os.ms-windows.setup.win95</A>
   <A HREF="news:comp.os.linux.setup">comp.os.linux.setup</A>
   <A HREF="news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.storage">comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.storage</A>

   There are also available different language interfaces. If you are
 using them you should thank the efforts of these people:
 
   Czech interface: Jiri Kuchta, <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>
   Dutch interface: Eymert Versteegt, <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>
   French interface: Patrick Robbe, <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>
   German interface: Peter H. Dillinger, <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>
   Italian Interface: Claudio Bondavalli, <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>
   Spanish interface: Alberto Cajigas Jr., <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>
   Swedish interface: Dan Olav Mikael Hultgren, <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>

   However, try not to bother them too much, unless your questions are
 only regarding the translation. All technical questions should be send
 to [e-mail] and only in English.
<HR>

<A NAME="contact"></A>Contacting author and copyrights

   This program is a FreeWare. You can freely distibute it.
   Source codes are available for download from my home page.

   Before you send any questions make sure, that you read this help
 and FAQ. Also visit my website to check updated version of the help
 files and see whether the new version of the program already solves
 your problem. I will not answer questions which are listed in FAQ. 

   When you send the question, please, include the output of commands
 "part -p -r" and "part -d 2 -p -r" if you have the second disk. Also
 try to clearly tell which operating systems are installed or you are
 planning to install in those partitions.

<HR>
Mikhail Ranish <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>
<A HREF="http://www.users.intercom.com/~ranish">http://www.users.intercom.com/~ranish</A>
<A HREF="http://www.ml.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~mranish">http://www.ml.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~mranish</A></PRE>
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