gzip.texi

gzip1.2.4源码

\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename gzip.info
@settitle Gzip User's Manual
@finalout
@setchapternewpage odd
@c %**end of header

@ifinfo
This file documents the the GNU @code{gzip} command for compressing files.

Copyright (C) 1992-1993 Jean-loup Gailly

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).

@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Foundation.
@end ifinfo

@titlepage
@title gzip
@subtitle The data compression program
@subtitle Edition 1.2.4, for Gzip Version 1.2.4
@subtitle July 1993
@author by Jean-loup Gailly

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1992-1993 Jean-loup Gailly

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Foundation.
@end titlepage

@node Top, , , (dir)

@ifinfo
This file documents the @code{gzip} command to compress files.
@end ifinfo

@menu
* Copying::		How you can copy and share @code{gzip}.
* Overview::		Preliminary information.
* Sample::		Sample output from @code{gzip}.
* Invoking gzip::	How to run @code{gzip}.
* Advanced usage::	Concatenated files.
* Environment::		The @code{GZIP} environment variable
* Tapes::               Using @code{gzip} on tapes.
* Problems::		Reporting bugs.
* Concept Index::	Index of concepts.
@end menu

@node Copying, Overview, , Top
@include gpl.texinfo

@node Overview, Sample, Copying, Top
@chapter Overview
@cindex overview

@code{gzip} reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
(LZ77).  Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
extension @samp{.gz}, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
modification times.  (The default extension is @samp{-gz} for VMS,
@samp{z} for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.)  If no files are specified or
if a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard
output. @code{gzip} will only attempt to compress regular files.  In
particular, it will ignore symbolic links.

If the new file name is too long for its file system, @code{gzip}
truncates it.  @code{gzip} attempts to truncate only the parts of the
file name longer than 3 characters.  (A part is delimited by dots.) If
the name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz.  Names are not truncated on systems
which do not have a limit on file name length.

By default, @code{gzip} keeps the original file name and timestamp in
the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
@samp{-N} option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
transfer.

Compressed files can be restored to their original form using @samp{gzip -d}
or @code{gunzip} or @code{zcat}.  If the original name saved in the
compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
constructed from the original one to make it legal.

@code{gunzip} takes a list of files on its command line and replaces
each file whose name ends with @samp{.gz}, @samp{.z}, @samp{.Z},
@samp{-gz}, @samp{-z} or @samp{_z} and which begins with the correct
magic number with an uncompressed file without the original extension.
@code{gunzip} also recognizes the special extensions @samp{.tgz} and
@samp{.taz} as shorthands for @samp{.tar.gz} and @samp{.tar.Z}
respectively. When compressing, @code{gzip} uses the @samp{.tgz}
extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a @samp{.tar}
extension.

@code{gunzip} can currently decompress files created by @code{gzip},
@code{zip}, @code{compress} or @code{pack}. The detection of the input
format is automatic.  When using the first two formats, @code{gunzip}
checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic redundancy check). For @code{pack},
@code{gunzip} checks the uncompressed length. The @code{compress} format
was not designed to allow consistency checks. However @code{gunzip} is
sometimes able to detect a bad @samp{.Z} file. If you get an error when
uncompressing a @samp{.Z} file, do not assume that the @samp{.Z} file is
correct simply because the standard @code{uncompress} does not complain.
This generally means that the standard @code{uncompress} does not check
its input, and happily generates garbage output.  The SCO @samp{compress
-H} format (@code{lzh} compression method) does not include a CRC but
also allows some consistency checks.

Files created by @code{zip} can be uncompressed by @code{gzip} only if
they have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
feature is only intended to help conversion of @code{tar.zip} files to
the @code{tar.gz} format. To extract @code{zip} files with several
members, use @code{unzip} instead of @code{gunzip}.

@code{zcat} is identical to @samp{gunzip -c}.  @code{zcat}
uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standard
input and writes the uncompressed data on standard output.  @code{zcat}
will uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they
have a @samp{.gz} suffix or not.

@code{gzip} uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in @code{zip} and PKZIP.
The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and
the distribution of common substrings.  Typically, text such as source
code or English is reduced by 60-70%.  Compression is generally much
better than that achieved by LZW (as used in @code{compress}), Huffman
coding (as used in @code{pack}), or adaptive Huffman coding
(@code{compact}).

Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is slightly
larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few bytes for
the @code{gzip} file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an expansion
ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number of used
disk blocks almost never increases. @code{gzip} preserves the mode,
ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.

@node Sample, Invoking gzip, Overview, Top
@chapter Sample Output
@cindex sample

Here are some realistic examples of running @code{gzip}.

This is the output of the command @samp{gzip -h}:

@example
gzip 1.2.4 (18 Aug 93)
usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
 -c --stdout      write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
 -d --decompress  decompress
 -f --force       force overwrite of output file and compress links
 -h --help        give this help
 -l --list        list compressed file contents
 -L --license     display software license
 -n --no-name     do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
 -N --name        save or restore the original name and time stamp
 -q --quiet       suppress all warnings
 -r --recursive   operate recursively on directories
 -S .suf  --suffix .suf     use suffix .suf on compressed files
 -t --test        test compressed file integrity
 -v --verbose     verbose mode
 -V --version     display version number
 -1 --fast        compress faster
 -9 --best        compress better
 file...          files to (de)compress. If none given, use standard input.
@end example

This is the output of the command @samp{gzip -v texinfo.tex}:

@example
texinfo.tex:             71.6% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
@end example

The following command will find all @code{gzip} files in the current
directory and subdirectories, and extract them in place without
destroying the original:

@example
find . -name '*.gz' -print | sed 's/^\(.*\)[.]gz$/gunzip < "&" > "\1"/' | sh
@end example

@node Invoking gzip, Advanced usage, Sample, Top
@chapter Invoking @code{gzip}
@cindex invoking
@cindex options

The format for running the @code{gzip} program is:

@example
gzip @var{option} @dots{}
@end example

@code{gzip} supports the following options:

@table @samp
@item --stdout
@itemx --to-stdout
@itemx -c
Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
If there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of
independently compressed members. To obtain better compression,
concatenate all input files before compressing them.

@item --decompress
@itemx --uncompress
@itemx -d
Decompress.

@item --force
@itemx -f
Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple links
or the corresponding file already exists, or if the compressed data