rfc1336.txt

来自「RFC 的详细文档！」· 文本 代码 · 共 1,280 行 · 第 1/5 页

           believed strongly that collaboration is more powerful than
           competition among researchers.  I don't think any other model
           would have gotten us where we are today.  This world view
           persists in the IAB, and is reflected in the informal
           structure of the IAB, IETF, and IRTF.

           Nevertheless, with growth and success (plus subtle policy
           shifts in Washington), the prevailing mode may be shifting
           towards competition, both commercial and academic.  To
           develop protocols in a commercially competitive world, you
           need elaborate committee structures and rules.  The action
           then shifts to the large companies, away from small companies
           and universities.  In an academically competitive world, you
           don't develop any (useful) protocols; you get 6 different
           protocols for the same objective, each with its research
           paper (which is the "real" output).  This results in
           efficient production of research papers, but it may not
           result in the kind of intellectual consensus necessary to
           create good and useful communication protocols.

           Being a member of the IAB is sometimes very frustrating.  For
           some years now we have been painfully aware of the scaling



Malkin                                                          [Page 5]

RFC 1336                       Who's Who                        May 1992


           problems of the Internet, and since 1982 have lived through a
           series of mini-disasters as various limits have been
           exceeded.  We have been saying that "getting big" is probably
           a more urgent (and perhaps more difficult) research problem
           than "getting fast", but it seems difficult to persuade
           people of the importance of launching the kind of research
           program we think is necessary to learn how to deal with
           Internet growth.

           It is very hard to figure out when the exponential growth is
           likely to stop, or when, if ever, the fundamental
           architectural model of the Internet will be so out of kilter
           with reality that it will cease be useful.  Ask me again in
           ten years.

      4.3  Hans-Werner Braun, IAB Member

           Hans-Werner Braun joined the San Diego Supercomputer Center
           as a Principal Scientist in January 1991. In his initial
           major responsibility as Co-Principal Investigator of, and
           Executive Committee member on the CASA gigabit network
           research project he is working on networking efforts beyond
           the problems of todays computer networking infrastructure.
           Between April 1983 and January 1991 he worked at the
           University of Michigan and focused on operational
           infrastructure for the Merit Computer Network and the
           University of Michigan's Information Technology Division.
           Starting out with the networking infrastructure within the
           State of Michigan he started to investigate into TCP/IP
           protocols and became very involved in the early stages of the
           NSFNET networking efforts.  He was Principal Investigator on
           the NSFNET backbone project since the NSFNET award went to
           Merit in November 1987 and managed Merit's Internet
           Engineering group. Between April 1978 and April 1983 Hans-
           Werner Braun worked at the Regional Computing Center of the
           University of Cologne in West Germany on network engineering
           responsibilities for the regional and local network.

           In March 1978 Hans-Werner Braun graduated in West Germany and
           holds a Diploma in Engineering with a major in Information
           Processing. He is a member of the Association of Computing
           Machinery (ACM) and its Special Interest Group on
           Communications, the Institute of Electrical and Electronical
           Engineers (IEEE) as well as the IEEE Computer Society and the
           IEEE Communications Society and the American Association for
           the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the National
           Science Foundation's Network Program Advisory Group (NPAG)
           and in particular its Technical Committee (NPAG-TC) between



Malkin                                                          [Page 6]

RFC 1336                       Who's Who                        May 1992


           November 1986 and late 1987, at which time the NPAG got
           resolved. He also chaired the Technical Committee of the
           National Science Foundation's Network Program Advisory Group
           (NPAG-TC) starting in February 1987. Prior to the
           organizational change of the JvNCnet he participated in the
           JvNCnet Network Technical Advisory Committee (NTAC) of the
           John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center. While working
           as Principal Investigator on the NSFNET project at Merit, he
           chaired the NSFNET Network Technical Committee, created to
           aid Merit with the NSFNET project.  Hans-Werner Braun is a
           member of the Engineering Planning Group of the Federal
           Networking Council (FEPG) since its beginnings in early 1989,
           a member of the Internet Activities Board (IAB), the Internet
           Engineering Task Force. He had participated in an earlier,
           informal, version of the Internet Engineering Steering Group
           and the then existing Internet Architecture Task Force. While
           at Merit, Hans-Werner Braun was also Principal Investigator
           on NSF projects for the "Implementation and Management of
           Improved Connectivity Between NSFNET and CA*net" and for
           "Coordinating Routing for the NSFNET," the latter at the time
           of the old 56kbps NSFNET backbone network that he was quite
           intimately involved with.

           ------------

           The growth of the Internet can be measured in many ways and I
           can only try to find some examples.

           o Network number counts

           There were days where being "connected to net 10" was the
           Greatest Thing Ever.  A time where the Internet just
           consisted of a few networks centered around the ARPAnet and
           where growing above 100 network numbers seemed excessive.
           Todays number of networks in the global infrastructure
           exceeds 2000 connected networks, and many more if isolated
           network islands get included.

           o Traffic growth

           The Internet has undergone a dramatic increase in traffic
           over the last few years. The NSFNET backbone can be used as
           an example here, where in August 1988 about 194 million
           packets got injected into the network, which had increased to
           about 396 million packets per month by the end of the year,
           to reach about 4.8 billion packets in December 1990. January
           1991 yielded close to 5.9 billion packets as sent into the
           NSFNET backbone.



Malkin                                                          [Page 7]

RFC 1336                       Who's Who                        May 1992


           o Internet Engineering Task Force participation

           The early IETF, after it spun off the old GADS, included
           about 20 or so people. I remember a meeting a few people had
           with Mike Corrigan several years ago. Mike then chaired the
           IETF before Phill Gross became chair and the discussion was
           had about permitting the "NSFNET crowd" to join the IETF.
           Mike finally agreed and the IETF started to explode in size,
           now including many working groups and several hundred
           members, including vendors and phone companies.

           o International infrastructure

           At some point of time the Internet was centric around the US
           with very little international connectivity. The
           international connectivity was for network research purposes,
           just like the US domestic component at that point of time.
           Today's Internet stretches to so many countries that it can
           be considered close to global in scope, in particular as more
           and more international connections to, as well as Internet
           infrastructure within, other countries are happening.

           o References in trade journals

           Many trade journals just a year or two ago had close to no
           mention of the Internet. Today references to the Internet
           appear in many journals and press releases from a variety of
           places.

           o Articles in professional papers

           Publications like ACM SIGCOMM show increased interest for
           Internet related professional papers, compared to a few years
           ago. Also the publication rate of the Request For Comments
           (RFC) series is quite impressive.

           o Congressional and Senatorial visibility

           A few years ago the Internet was "just a research project."
           Today's dramatically increased visibility in result of the
           Internet success allows Congress as well as Senators to play
           lead roles in pushing the National Research and Education
           Network (NREN) agenda forward, which is also fostered by the
           executive branch. In the context of the US federal government
           the real credit should go to DARPA, though, for starting to
           prototype advanced networking, leading to the Internet about
           twenty years ago and over time opening it up more and more to
           the science and research community until more operational



Malkin                                                          [Page 8]

RFC 1336                       Who's Who                        May 1992


           efforts were able to move the network to a real
           infrastructure in support of science, research and education
           at large. This really allowed NSF to make NSFNET happen.

           o Funding

           The Internet funding initially consisted of DARPA efforts.
           Agencies like NSF, NASA, DOE and others started to make major
           contributions later. Industrial participation helped moving
           the network forward as well. Very major investments have been
           made by campuses and research institutions to create local
           infrastructure. Operational infrastructure comes at a high
           cost, especially if ubiquity, robustness and high performance
           are required.

           o Research and continued development

           The Internet has matured from a network research oriented
           environment to an operational infrastructure supporting
           research, science and education at large. However, even
           though for many people the Internet is an environment
           supporting their day-to-day work, the Internet at its current
           level of technology is supported by a culture of people that
           cooperates in a largely non-competitive environment. Many
           times already the size of the routing tables or the amount of
           traffic or the insufficiency of routing exchange protocols,
           just to name examples, have broken connectivity with many
           people being interrupted in their day-to-day work. Global
           Internet management and problem resolution further hamper
           fast recovery from certain incidents. It is unproven that the
           current technology will survive in a competitive but
           unregulated environment, with uncoordinated routing policies
           and global network management being just two of the major
           issues here.  Furthermore, while frequently comments are
           being made where the publicly available monthly increases in
           traffic figures would not justify moving to T3 or even
           gigabit per second networks, it should be pointed out that
           monthly figures are very macroscopic views. Much of the
           Internet traffic is very bursty and we have frequently seen
           an onslaught of traffic towards backbone nodes if one looks
           at it over fairly short intervals of time. For example, for
           specific applications that, perhaps in real-time, require an
           occasional exchange of massive amounts of data. It is
           important that we are prepared for more widespread use of
           such applications, once people are able to use things more
           sophisticated than Telnet, FTP and SMTP. I am not sure
           whether the amount of research and development efforts on the
           Internet has increased over time, less even kept pace with



Malkin                                                          [Page 9]

RFC 1336                       Who's Who                        May 1992


           the general Internet growth (by whatever definition). I do
           not believe that the Internet is a finished product at this